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181.
Ultrafiltration membranes of poly(acrylonitrile-co-sodium styrenesulfonate) [P(AN-co-SSS)] were prepared by casting the copolymer solution into water. The ultrafiltration rate of P(AN-co-SSS) membranes was controlled by adding poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) of various molecular weights to the casting solution. The effect of the PEG addition on the membrane properties was examined. By using the P(AN-co-SSS) membranes, which possess various molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) properties, the permeation behaviors of dextran (D) and dextransulfate (DS) were compared. The P(AN-co-SSS) membranes markedly restricted the permeation of DS, owing to electrostatic barrier of the negatively charged groups in the membrane. The electrostatic sieve separation of DS and D, each having similar molecular size, with the membranes was also investigated. The membrane having negatively charged groups effectively rejected to DS with a high permselectivity. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
182.
Akira Takaki Toshihiko Hasegawa Masataka Isogawa Ikuo Narisawa 《Polymer Engineering and Science》1994,34(8):680-690
The fracture mode of poly(vinyl chloride)/methyl methacrylate/butadiene/styrene (PVC/MBS) polymer blends can change from ductile to brittle in accordance with the changes in shape of the test specimen or test conditions. Therefore, the mechanisms of impact energy absorption and the main cause of stress whitening are complicated. The following results on PVC/MBS blends were obtained by carrying out fracture experiments at different test speeds and temperatures:
- (1) The ductile/brittle fracture mode of the PVC and PVC/MBS blends can be explained by σ (the craze initiation stress)/σy (the shear yield initiation stress), which depends on the strain rates and temperature.
- (2) The fracture behavior of the PVC/MBS blends can be classified into the following types from the standpoints of fracture mode and whitening degree: Fracture I: ductile fracture without whitening; Fracture II: ductile fracture with whitening; and Fracture III: brittle fracture without whitening.
- (3) The following concepts can be estimated from the measurements of yield stress, specific gravity and SEM, TEM and visual observations. In Fracture I, shear yield occurs mainly. In Fracture II, both shear yield and crazing occur. In Fracture III, deformation of the rubber and local crazing occur.
- (4) The main cause of stress whitening in PVC/MBS blends is light scattering by cavities in the rubber particles.
- (5) In Fracture II, at first, crazes with cavities in the rubber particles occur. Then, shear yield occurs. Finally, crazes are healed by the heat, and only the cavities in the rubber remain.
183.
Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) membranes were modified by introducing β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) oligomer, which has an inclusion ability sensitive to size, structure, and hydrophilicity of the guest molecule. The modified membranes (PVA/CD membrane) were prepared by casting of the aqueous solutions of PVA and β-CD oligomer. The CD oligomer was immobilized in the membranes by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. The cross-linking times were 1 and 8 h. The content of CD in the membranes was 33 wt %. The effects of CD on the pervaporation characteristics for water/ethanol were investigated by comparisons with those of the cross-linked PVA membranes. For the 1 h cross-linked membranes, CD increased both the water permeation rate and selectivity at lower ethanol concentrations in the feed. At higher ethanol concentrations, CD increased the water selectivity, but it decreased the water permeation rate. For the 8 h cross-linked membranes, at lower ethanol concentrations, CD increased the water permeation rate, but the water selectivity through the PVA/CD membrane was almost equal to that of the PVA membrane. At higher ethanol concentrations, CD increased the water selectivity and decreased the water permeation rate. These effects of CD can be interpreted in terms of the inclusion strength in the cavity and the reduction of the cross-linking density of the PVA phase in the membranes. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
184.
Songlan Yang Zheng Ming Sun Hitoshi Hashimoto Toshihiko Abe 《Journal of the European Ceramic Society》2003,23(16):3147-3152
In this study, free 2Ti/2Si/3TiC powder mixture was heated at high temperatures in vacuum, in order to reveal the possibility for the synthesis of high Ti3SiC2 content powder. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used for the evaluation of phase identities and the morphology of the powder after different treatments. Results showed that almost single phase Ti3SiC2 powder (99.3 wt.%) can be synthesized by heat treatment with free 2Ti/2Si/3TiC powders in vacuum at 1210°C for about 3 h. The nucleation and growth of Ti3SiC2 within TiC particles was observed. The typical appearance of the formed Ti3SiC2 is equiaxed with particle size of 2–4 μm. Effects of temperature and heating time on the morphology and the particle sizes of the synthesized Ti3SiC2 powders are not obvious. 相似文献
185.
Hiroki Ago Naoyasu Uehara Masaharu Tsuji Motoo Yumura Toshihiko Setoguchi 《Carbon》2006,44(14):2912-2918
Changes in the gas composition during the methane chemical vapor deposition growth of single- and double-walled carbon nanotubes over metal-supported MgO catalysts were investigated in an attempt to increase the nanotube yield. Monitoring the gas composition by gas chromatography as a function of the reaction time provides information on the activity and lifetime of the catalyst. The degree of methane decomposition, i.e., the C-H bond dissociation, was closely related to the nanotube yield, and the Fe-Mo binary catalyst exhibited a high activity. The effects of water vapor on the catalytic nanotube growth were also studied by introducing water vapor in the inlet gas. An appropriate amount of water prolonged the lifetime of the catalyst and increased the nanotube yield by 35%. 相似文献
186.
The cryogel catalyst of platinum on alumina was prepared from aluminum sec-butoxide and H2PtCl6 through the sol-gel technique and subsequent freeze drying. The cryogel catalyst showed higher thermal stability of platinum
than the corresponding xerogel or impregnation catalysts, which was ascribed to the more intimately developed platinum-alumina
interaction accompanied by the encapsulation of the metal into the alumina cryogel. It was also shown that platinum accessibility
was higher on the cryogel than on the xerogel despite the higher thermal stability of the metal on the formed than on the
latter. For the VOC combustion, the cryogel exhibited higher activity than the xerogel and impregnation catalysts. Also for
the methane combustion the cryogel showed higher activity, although it showed lower activity than the impregnation catalysts
above 600 °C. By the addition of ceria as an additive to the cryogel catalyst, the CH4 combustion activity was improved especially in the temperature region above 600 °C. 相似文献
187.
Automated Synthesis of (rac)‐, (R)‐, and (S)‐[18F]Epifluorohydrin and Their Application for Developing PET Radiotracers Containing a 3‐[18F]Fluoro‐2‐hydroxypropyl Moiety
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Dr. Tomoteru Yamasaki Yiding Zhang Wakana Mori Dr. Masayuki Hanyu Katsushi Kumata Akiko Hatori Dr. Lin Xie Nobuki Nengaki Prof. Dr. Ming‐Rong Zhang 《ChemMedChem》2018,13(16):1723-1731
To introduce the 3‐[18F]fluoro‐2‐hydroxypropyl moiety into positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracers, we performed automated synthesis of (rac)‐, (R)‐, and (S)‐[18F]epifluorohydrin ([18F] 1 ) by nucleophilic displacement of (rac)‐, (R)‐, or (S)‐glycidyl tosylate with 18F? and purification by distillation. The ring‐opening reaction of (R)‐ or (S)‐[18F] 1 with phenol precursors gave enantioenriched [18F]fluoroalkylated products without racemisation. We then synthesised (rac)‐, (R)‐, and (S)‐ 2‐{5‐[4‐(3‐[18F]fluoro‐2‐hydroxypropoxy)phenyl]‐2‐oxobenzo[d]oxazol‐3(2H)‐yl}‐N‐methyl‐N‐phenylacetamide ([18F] 6 ) as novel radiotracers for the PET imaging of translocator protein (18 kDa) and showed that (R)‐ and (S)‐[18F] 6 had different radioactivity uptake in mouse bone and liver. Thus, (rac)‐, (R)‐, and (S)‐[18F] 1 are effective radiolabelling reagents and can be used to develop PET radiotracers by examining the effects of chirality on their in vitro binding affinities and in vivo behaviour. 相似文献
188.
Toshihiko Miyagi 《Papers in Regional Science》1991,70(2):185-200
The primary purpose of this paper is to develop a computational procedure for finding the Cournot equilibrium for a case in which many firms located at different points in space compete in many different markets located at different points in space. The model investigated here allows for the fact that not all firms sell to all regions. The algorithm is first developed under the assumptions (a) that the inverse demand function in each market is convex, and (b) that production costs of each firm are composed of a fixed cost and a constant marginal cost. It is shown that the proposed method with the convex combination algorithm is applicable to a spatial pricing model with variable marginal-cost functions.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 11th Pacific Regional Science Conference, Singapore, July 1989. 相似文献
189.
A magneto-optic sensor is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The sensing unit is mainly composed of an electro-optic modulator, a Faraday magneto-optic glass, and two polarizers. Different from the conventional magneto-optic sensors, this sensor utilizes a time-division-multiplexed and alternately polarized light carrier whose azimuthal angle is periodically alterable between two orthogonal linear polarization states. In particular, this sensing scheme is suitable for dc magnetic field or current measurement, and the measurement result is free from the influences of light intensity fluctuation and environmental electromagnetic interference, due to the applications of square-wave modulation and lock-in amplification techniques. The dc magnetic field in the range of +/-(0.067 approximately 20) mT has been remotely measured and the nonlinear error is less than 1.0%. 相似文献
190.
Abe K Miyoshi K Muto T Ruspita I Horiguchi T Nagata T Noma T 《Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering》2007,103(5):479-485
Teeth are the hardest tissues covered with enamel produced by ameloblasts. The ameloblast differentiation is controlled by sequential epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during tooth morphogenesis. However, the molecular mechanism of ameloblast differentiation remains unclear. To address this question, we developed an in vitro assay system to evaluate the molecular mechanism of amelogenesis. First, we established dental epithelium-derived clones from 6-day-old rat incisors and established that cells of the clone SRE-G5 were the largest producers of amelogenin mRNA. Next, we analyzed the effects of several chemicals on the amelogenin expression in SRE-G5 cells. Only mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activators enhanced amelogenin mRNA expression. This finding corresponded to the immunohistochemical data showing the presence of phosphorylated forms of p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) during ameloblast differentiation. To examine the roles of MAPK signals, we compared the effects of anisomycin and sodium salicylate on the expression of tooth-related differentiation markers. Both anisomycin and sodium salicylate induced amelogenin, Abcg2, and Bmp4 mRNA and down-regulated p75NGFR mRNA. On the other hand, ALP, ectodin, Bmp2 and Fgf8 mRNA were up-regulated only by anisomycin. These results indicate that MAPK signaling functions, at least in part, as the inducer of ameloblast differentiation. 相似文献