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311.
312.
It is generally appreciated that the mechanical behavior of granular media depends fundamentally on the interaction of the
constituent particles, and that the validity of numerical models of granular media would be greatly improved with knowledge
of the grain-scale mechanics. However, most supporting experimental work has been conducted on highly idealized materials,
and a limited amount of information exists on grain-scale force–displacement relationships for naturally occurring materials.
To address this shortcoming, we are conducting a program that integrates laboratory experiments on grains of naturally occurring
aggregate with the discrete element modeling method, with the goal of relating the grain-scale physical and mechanical properties
of granular media to bulk behavior. The paper describes the equipment and methods that have been developed to conduct close-loop
controlled, grain-scale experiments under monotonic and cyclic loading conditions, and presents results from an initial set
of experiments on unbonded grains. The implications of the grain-scale results to the discrete element model are discussed.
Discussions center on the applicability of a physically based approach to the mechanics of granular media in general. In light
of future exploration missions and the resulting need to predict the mechanical properties of lunar and planetary regoliths,
the paper examines the potential usefulness of our physically based approach to the problem of predicting the behavior of
the types of materials found in those environments. 相似文献
313.
A series of polyesters was prepared to evaluate hydrolytic stability as a function of cyclohexyl dibasic acid content. The
three cyclohexyl dibasic acids: 1,2; 1,3; and 1,4 were formulated into polyesters with two glycols. The proportion of cis
and trans isomers was evaluated via 1H NMR. The hydrolytic stability of short chain polyesters was evaluated in an acetone/water mixture which solubilized the
polyesters to mimic oligoester behavior within a thermosetting polyester coating environment. The rate of hydrolysis was monitored
by acid titration and corroborated by GPC. Surprisingly, 1,2-cylohexyl diacid-based polyesters were robust, and 1,3-cyclohexyl
diacid-based polyesters were the most susceptible to hydrolysis. Evidently, a 1,2-anchimeric effect for cyclohexyl dibasic
acid polyesters was not an important consideration, while the 1,3-cyclohexyl ester interaction was. Consequently, an anomeric
effect was proposed.
Presented at the 81st Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, November 12–14, 2003, in Philadelphia,
PA. 相似文献
314.
Barbara K. Reck Robert B. Gordon 《JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society》2008,60(7):55-59
Nickel and chromium are essential ingredients in alloys increasingly important for energy-efficient, environmentally friendly
modern technology. Quantitative assessment of the flows of these metals through the world economy from resource extraction
to final disposal informs resource policy, energy planning, environmental science, and waste management. This article summarizes
the worldwide technological cycles of nickel and chromium in 2000. Stainless steel is the major use of these metals, but they
serve numerous other special needs, as in superalloys for high-temperature service, as plating materials, and in coinage.
Because they are used primarily in alloys, novel recycling issues arise as their use becomes more widespread.
“... the great New York and St. Louis double track, nickel plated railroad...”
— Norwalk, Ohio, Chronicle 10 March 1881 announces arrival of surveyors for the future Nickel Plate Railway
“Later [1911] I formed an alloy of Iron and Chromium, which showed remarkable resistance to rust and tarnish ... [It was]
rediscovered by an Englishman named Brearley, in 1914.”
—Elwood Haynes to Stephen F. Roberts, 17 January 1925 相似文献
315.
Shafeeque G. Ansari Mushtaq Ahmad Dar Young-Soon Kim Hyung-Kee Seo Gil-Sung Kim Rizwan Wahab Zubaida A. Ansari Jae-Myung Seo Hyung-Shik Shin 《Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering》2008,25(3):593-598
A comparative study for the nucleation of diamond was carried out using surface treatment like (i) surface scratching with
1 μm diamond paste and (ii) surface etching using chlorine plasma at different RF powers (50, 100 and 150 W). Atomic force
microscopic study shows variation in roughness from 31 nm to 110 nm. Scratching results in random scratches, whereas plasma
etches a surface uniformly. Scanning electron microscopic observations show well faceted crystallites with a predominance
of angular shaped grains corresponding to 〈100〉 and 〈110〉 crystallite surfaces for the scratched as well as plasma etched
substrate. Surface etching at 150 W plasma power results in a better growth in comparison with 50 and 100 W plasma powers.
Chlorine-radical is found responsible for the changes in the growth morphology. Raman spectroscopy shows a sharp peak at 1,332
cm−1 and a peak at ∼1,580 cm−1 for both samples. 相似文献
316.
317.
Mold-slag friction and fracture may cause heat-transfer variations in continuous casting, which leads to steel shell temperature
and stress variations, resulting in surface cracks. Analytical transient models of liquid slag flow and solid slag stress
have been coupled with a finite-difference model of heat transfer in the mold, gap, and steel shell to predict transient shear
stress, friction, slip, and fracture of the slag layers. The models are validated by comparing with numerical models and plant
measurements of mold friction. Using reported slag-fracture strength and time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagrams, the
models are applied to study the effect of casting speed and mold-powder viscosity properties on slag-layer behavior between
the oscillating mold wall and the solidifying steel shell. The study finds that liquid-slag lubrication would produce negligible
stresses. A lower mold-slag consumption rate leads to high solid friction and results in solid-slag-layer fracture and movement
below a critical value. Crystalline slag tends to fracture near the meniscus and glassy slag tends to fracture near the mold
exit. A medium casting speed may be the safest to avoid slag fracture, due to its having the lowest critical lubrication consumption
rate. The high measured friction force in operating casters could be due to three sources: an intermittent moving solid slag
layer, excessive mold taper, or mold misalignment.
Other symbols are defined in Table I 相似文献
318.
Osamu Umezawa 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》2004,35(2):543-553
To achieve higher fatigue resistance against subsurface crack generation, both the refinement of grain structure and the introduction
of mobile dislocations on various slip systems have been shown to be effective in the 32Mn-7Cr austenitic steel. A novel treatment
which consisted of cold grooved rolling and partial recrystallization was introduced to modify the microstructure. High-cycle
fatigue properties and fatigue-crack generation were investigated for both the solution-treated (ST) and the partially recrystallized
(PR) materials at 77 K. The PR material displayed higher fatigue strength than the ST material, especially in the high-cycle
regime. No subsurface crack generation was detected for the PR material; however, it appeared in the lower peak stress and/or
in the longer-life range for the ST material. Intergranular facets formed a subsurface crack initiation site in the ST material.
Since the dislocation structure that developed in the fatigued PR material assisted homogeneous and multidirectional plastic
deformation, the localized deformation and/or the stress concentration at the grain boundaries by coplanar arrays were believed
to be relieved. Therefore, intergranular cracking due to incompatibility at a grain boundary may disappear. 相似文献
319.
Thermal Radiative Properties of Xonotlite Insulation Material 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
X inxin ZHANG Gaosheng WEI Fan YU Department of Thermal Engineering University of Science & Technology Beijing Beijing China Professor 《热科学学报(英文版)》2005,14(3):281-283,253
Introduction Xonotlite-type calcium silicate (6CaO?6SiO2?H2O) is synthesized porous insulation material by hydrothermal processing with quartz powder and limestone as the raw material (with CaO/ SiO2≈1:1). Compared with fire- retardant fibre, xonotlite has more excellent insulating performance, such as low thermal conductivity, environment friendly, high intension, and wide applying temperature range, which has been emphasized in recent years by many scholars and widely used in many indu… 相似文献
320.
The vast majority of the project scheduling research efforts over the past several years have concentrated on the development
of workable predictive baseline schedules, assuming complete information and a static and deterministic environment. During
execution, however, a project may be subject to numerous schedule disruptions. Proactive-reactive project scheduling procedures
try to cope with these disruptions through the combination of a proactive scheduling procedure for generating predictive baseline
schedules that are hopefully robust in that they incorporate safety time to absorb anticipated disruptions with a reactive
procedure that is invoked when a schedule breakage occurs during project execution.
In this paper we discuss the results obtained by a large experimental design set up to evaluate several predictive-reactive
resource-constrained project scheduling procedures under the composite objective of maximizing both the schedule stability
and the timely project completion probability. 相似文献