Preparation of multiple oxide BaTiO3 fibres by the sol-gel method

Multiple oxide BaTiO₃ gel fibres were prepared by the sol-gel method from Ba(OC₂H₅)₂-Ti(O-isoC₃H₇)₄-H₂O-C₂H₅OH-CH₃COOH and Ba(CH₃COO)₂-Ti(O-isoC₃H₇)₄-H₂O-CH₃COOH solutions. Relatively long gel fibres of 10cm length were obtained from both solutions in the limited composition region. The latter solution in particular showed a spinnability even when it contained no water. Therefore, the occurrence of spinnability of the solution was considered to be due to the formation of linear polymers composed of bridging acetate groups such as TiO-C(CH₃)-O-Ti rather than metalloxane bonding as Ti-O-Ti. Addition of water to the solutions seems to break the bridging acetate bonds and replace some of them by bridging oxygen bonds. The as-drawn gel fibres which were X-ray amorphous crystallized into BaTiO₃ ceramic fibres of 5mm average length upon heating above 600 ° C. However, the gel fibres drawn from the sols without water became powdery on heating because of the lack of Ti-O-Ti metalloxane bonds. The crystallization behaviour of the BaTiO₃ gel fibres is discussed based on the infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis and thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis.     

Optimum/adaptive incremental sequence in nonlinear analysis

An approach to improve the accuracy of the incremental solutions to a nonlinear problem, through a strategy to control the size of the increment, based on stationary of an argumented energy functional, is presented. The problem of control of an optimum step size in the incremental theory is formulated for a fixed number of increments. The variables in this argumented functional are: (i) the incremental displacement vector, (ii) the scalar parameters _i which characterize the size of each of the increments, i = 1,..., N, and (iii) a Lagrange multiplier which enforces the constraint that the sum of all the normalized increments, i. e., _i is equal to 1. The optimality condition provides us a rigorous approach which gives rise to an iterative procedure because of nonlinearity of the stationary condition. If the number of increments is not prescribed, a noniterative procedure can be obtained, where the incremental sequence is controlled adaptively with less computational effort. The extension of the proposed method to non-selfadjoint problems, where a potential energy function does not exist, is also discussed. Numerical examples demonstrate the remarkable improvement in the accuracy of the solution by optimizing the incremental sequence, as well as the effectiveness of the adaptive control procedure proposed.Paper presented at The 16th International Congress of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, Lyngby, Denmark, August 19–25, 1984     

A new correlation for the viscosity of gaseous fluorocarbon refrigerants

A new generalized correlation is presented for the low-pressure gaseous viscosity of fluorocarbon refrigerants. The following empirical equation is obtained based on the most reliable experimental data for 16 fluorocarbons: $$\eta \xi = \left( {0.5124T_r - 0.0517} \right)^{0.82} Z_c ^{ - 0.81}$$ where η is the viscosity in μPa·s and ξ is the viscosity parameter defined using the critical temperature T _c in K, the critical pressure P _c in MPa, and the molar mass M in g·mol^?1 as follows: $$\xi = T_c ^{1/6} M^{ - 1/2} P_c ^{ - 2/3}$$ The applicable ranges are 0.6<T _r<1.8 and 0.253<Z _c<0.282. The availability of the correlating equation for both pure fluorocarbons and their mixtures has been investigated based on the experimental data of these authors and those in the literature. It is found that the present correlation is useful for the prediction of the viscosity of pure fluorocarbons and their binary mixtures at atmospheric pressure with mean deviations less than 1.6%.     

Strengthening of nickel -base superalloys for nuclear heat exchanger application

Strengthening mechanisms of nickel-base superalloys have been discussed with the background of the Japanese research and development activities in this field. As candidates for materials of intermediate heat exchangers which will be used for a future programme of nuclear steelmaking systems, two kinds of alloys have successfully been developed in Japan. The designs of these alloys have been reviewed from metallurgical aspects including their composition and creep properties. In addition to the conventional methods to strengthen these alloys, such as solid solution hardening or particle precipitation hardening, a grain-boundary precipitation strengthening due to tungsten-rich ₂ phase in the Ni-Cr-W system, would be expected as a further advanced method.     

Structural analysis of Au/Mg(OH)2 during deactivation by Debye function analysis

Using a Debye function analysis, the presence of icosahedral and face centered cuboctahedral gold in a 1 1 ratio has been found in freshly prepared Au/Mg(OH)₂ catalyst. The results support earlier studies which suggest the icosahedral form to be more stable at small nanometer sizes. Interactions between the gold and the Mg(OH)₂ support appear to be weak, with the gold rapidly coagulating over a period of three months. Re-analysis of the aged sample shows the gold to be mainly in the form of truncated decahedra.     

Different feeding and gustatory responses to ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone by larvae of the silkworm,Bombyx mori

The feeding and gustatory responses to ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone were investigated in the silkworm,Bombyx mori. 20-Hydroxyecdysone reduced feeding response strongly in fourth- and fifth-instar larvae, whereas ecdysone had no effect on feeding response. 20-Hydroxyecdysone stimulated the R receptor, the receptor to feeding deterrents, to a great degree. By contrast, ecdysone was much less effective for stimulating the R receptor. These results indicate that ecdysone and 20-hydroxyecdysone have different effects on feeding response due to different interactions with mouthpart chemoreceptors.     

高速气流冲击式粉体表面改性装置——HYBRIDIZATION系统及应用

利用高速气流冲击法进行粉体/粉体系表面改性技术,是迄今为止各种粉体材料开发中最为引人注目的技术之一。HYBRIDIZATION(下称HYB)系统是利用高速气流冲击法对微粉体进行干式/机械化处理,是使材料复合化的最实用的装置,可对各类有机物、无机物、金属等进行广泛组合,通用性很强,适用于许多行业领域。从本文所述的系统构成、型式,有关的典型球形化处理的运转特性,利用复合化高温粉体测定被处理粉体表面温度,利用颜料改变色调等的处理特点及该系统的适用性等(一部分是从已发表的学术论文及专利上摘录的),可以说明HYB系统的概况。     

Rapid Quenching Technique Using Thermal-Image Furnace for Glass Preparation

A new technique combining a thermal-image furnace and a twin roller is described for quenching the melt to form glass. The technique was applied to the simple system Li₂O-SiO₂, since its fundamental parameters in the estimation of critical cooling rate are available. Glass flakes were obtained in the composition Li₄SiO₄, for which a very large critical cooling rate (∼10⁹ K·s⁻¹) was needed for glass formation.     

Effect of perchloric acid on the molecular weight and yield of poly-THF

Polytetramethylene glycol (molecular weight range 1000–8000) was prepared by the polymerization of tetrahydrofuran (THF) using a binary catalyst system of fuming sulfuric acid and perchloric acid. When 28% fuming sulfuric acid alone was used as the catalyst, the average molecular weight of polymer was low, the maximum value being 1000–1100. By the combination of fuming sulfuric acid with a small amount of perchloric acid, the average molecular weight of the polymer was increased to about 8000. Furthermore, the molecular weight was readily controlled in the range of 1000 to 8000 by varying the amount of the binary catalyst.