Optimisation of mild-acidic protein extraction from defatted sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) meal

For protein isolation from defatted sunflower meal, mild-acidic extraction was investigated to minimise concomitant oxidation and polymerisation of phenolic compounds and their irreversible binding to proteins. Because of the impaired solubility of sunflower proteins at low pH, the potential of sodium chloride (NaCl) to improve protein extractability was firstly screened for pH 2–11. Increasing NaCl concentrations of the aqueous solvent (c_NaCl) up to 2.8 mol/L enhanced the relative protein yield to almost 80% at ambient temperature and pH 5.6–7.4. As to improved protein recovery at minimal interactions with phenolic acids, the concerted effects of pH (3.2–7.4), c_NaCl (1–3 mol/L), temperature (T, 15–45 °C), and meal-to-solvent ratio (MSR, 0.03 and 0.05 g/mL) on the protein concentration of the extract (c_PE) and the relative protein yield (RPY) were examined, using response surface methodology (RSM). Aside from the prevailing influence of pH value and salt concentration, elevated temperature slightly enhanced protein extraction, whereas MSR mainly influenced c_PE, but hardly RPY. Calculated models proved suitable for the evaluation of extraction processes and the prediction of optimum conditions in terms of high protein yields at the lowest pH possible. Extraction at pH 6.0 was shown to be an appropriate compromise yielding 76–83% of the meal protein, depending on the constraints given. With elevated NaCl concentrations compensating for unfavourable pH conditions, mild-acidic extraction was found to be suitable for the recovery of high-quality sunflower protein in terms of light-coloured protein isolates.     

RPV material investigations of the former VVER-440 Greifswald NPP

The real toughness response of RPV material can only be determined after the final shut down of the NPP. Such a chance is given now by investigating material from the former Greifswald NPP (VVER-440/230).In the first part the paper deals with fast neutron fluence calculations and retrospective dosimetry based on Niobium. Unfortunately, a second neutron reaction besides ⁹³Nb(n,n’) leading to ^93mNb-activity is the reaction ⁹²Mo(n,γ)⁹³Mo. Based on the found Nb and Mo contents in the RPV material, it turned out that the ^93mNb generation on the Mo path mostly dominates over the fast neutron induced generation from Nb.The comparison between the calculated and the measured ^93mNb activities typically resulted in deviations of 50%. Possible reasons for the observed differences are discussed.In the second part first results of fracture mechanic investigations are reported. SE(B) specimens from three thickness positions were tested and evaluated according to the test standard ASTM E1921-05. Cleavage fracture toughness values, K_Jc, were determined and Master Curve based reference temperatures (T₀) were evaluated. The T₀ measured at the inner surface of the RPV did not represent the conservative condition. The T₀ of disc 1-1.3 located between the surface and 1/4 thickness is about 40K higher compared with those of the surface.The measured K_Jc values are not enveloped by the 5% fractile indexed with T₀ according to the Master Curve concept. However, the 5% fractile indexed with the VERLIFE reference temperature RTT_o that includes an additional margin envelops the measured K_Jc values. Therefore the VERLIFE lower bound curve conservatively describes the fracture toughness of the investigated weld metal.     

Determination of Relaxation Moduli and Poisson‘s Ratio in Uniaxially Loaded Solid Polyethylene Foam Specimens as Part of Full Material Characterization

The mechanical behavior of a solid polyethylene foam is characterizedby a constitutive equation which is of second order in the linearstrain tensor. It turns out that for the determination of the sixtime dependent material functions relaxation tests intension/compression, torsion and, for instance, in isotropic tension andcompression are necessary. For tension/compression tests theexperimental procedure is described in detail. Main emphasis is givento the methods of optical deformation measurement techniques. Resultsfor the relaxation moduli in tension/compression and for the Poissonsratio are presented.