Some remarks on the PISO and SIMPLE algorithms for steady turbulent flow problems

Properties of the PISO and SIMPLE algorithms of solution of momentum equations are examined by comparison of the computational effort required for reaching the same convergence criterion in two test problems. In the present paper swirling and non-swirling flows are considered in axisymmetric geometry. In the computations both, interative and time marching versions of these methods are considered. Optimal values of numerical parameters, on which effectivity of both algorithms depends for various differential grids, were found and the results for swirling flow problem were verified on the basis of available experimental data.     

The homeless assessment program: A service-training model for providing disability evaluations for homeless, mentally ill individuals.

Many of the nation's homeless people suffer from unrecognized mental illnesses and do not have access to the kind of disability benefits they would be entitled to when properly assessed. The current system of disability evaluations for Social Security income claims is frequently inadequate and leaves these individuals without any source of income, health insurance, and mental health treatment. This article introduces a model of providing psychological assessments for homeless, mentally ill individuals by supervised student examiners, a model that could be replicated by other psychologists and training institutions. The authors argue that there may be a large number of homeless adults who suffer from disabling mental conditions but who are not properly diagnosed and, therefore, do not qualify for benefits. The authors propose that the model presented can help to fill a gap in services and may serve as a model of socially relevant clinical training. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A rigorous small area modelling-study for the helicobacter pylori epidemiology

This paper presents an investigation into spatial risk differences over small distances for the Helicobacter pylori infection in the city of Leipzig, Germany and two rural districts. A model, using Bayesian inference, was developed that adjusts the risk for individual-specific factors, and for spatial or individual over-dispersion, respectively. Additionally, the model takes into account conditional spatial autocorrelation. We found a significant positive association to the H. pylori infection risk for: “more than three children live in the household” (OR = 2.4, p = 0.001), “more persons live per sq.m than average” (OR = 1.4, p = 0.03), “home situated at main road” (OR = 1.4, p = 0.04) and “using well water” (OR = 2.3, p = 0.05). A protective effect was identified for “travelled to low prevalence region” (OR = 0.4, p < 0.0001) and “born in Germany” (OR = 0.2, p < 0.0001). Three administrative areas with significantly increased spatial risk were identified: one in the rural district and two in the city of Leipzig. The model explained 24.9% of the total deviance. Contrary to expectations, the largest part of deviance of the data was not explained by the identified significant risk factors, but by individual-specific heterogeneities. We conclude that further - so far not discussed - factors influence the risk and the spatial variation of the H.pylori infection. Furthermore, from the results we speculate about a possible impact of long-time air pollution and surface water.     

Reconfigurable counter spindle module with integrated device for fast spindle alignment

An upcoming exchange of a machine tool spindle involves a downtime of several days for a cutting machine. This paper presents an innovative counter spindle module which can be replaced in significantly less time. The counter spindle module is developed in a methodical design process and is based on an effective high-precision alignment system, whose functionality and features are described in detail. Furthermore, an appropriate measuring process to identify the present deviation of a main or counter spindle is introduced. Finally, the operational capability and efficiency of the developed spindle alignment system is validated on the basis of the introduced measuring process.     

An investigation into the synthesis of polycarbazole squaraine derivatives

The polycondensation of squaric acid with 1,2-(9-Ethylcarbazol-3-yl)ethene and N-ethyliminostilbene in polyphosphoric acid yielded insoluble polymers which included substituted phosphate groups on the phenyl rings. The presence of phosphorus in these polymers was identified using solid-state ³¹P NMR and EDAX techniques. Furthermore the phosphate groups were not ionic, hence no charge-balancing anions were present. Both polymers did not electrically conduct but exhibited dielectric breakdown values of 0.1 and 0.06 MV cm⁻¹ respectively. Received: 16 December 1996/Revised: 10 March 1997/Accepted: 10 March 1997     

Eine rechnergesteuerte Schnellmethode zur Bestimmung von Harnstoff in Milcherzeugnissen: Magermilchpulver unterschiedlicher Provenienz

Zusammenfassung Es wurde die enzymatische Harnstoff-Bestimmung in Sprühmagermilchpulvern auf ein rechnergesteuertes photometrisches Analysensystem übertragen. Die einfach zu handhabende Probenvorbereitung verleiht dem Analysensystem einen hohen Grad an Rationalität. Die flüssigen Proben wurden direkt oder nach Ultrafiltration für die Harnstoff-Bestimmung eingesetzt. Die Wiederholbarkeit bei der Probenvorbereitung ausgedrückt als Variationskoeffizient betrug im Mittel 0,69%, die Standardabweichung bei aufeinanderfolgenden Testansätzen 0,115–0,135 bei einem durchschnittlichen Gehalt von 5,4–5,5 mg Harnstoff/100 ml Magermilch. Die Methode wurde an einem umfangreichen Probenmaterial von 147 Magermilchpulvern, die nach saisonalen (Januar bis Oktober) Kriterien ausgewählt wurden, erprobt. Es wurde auf diese Weise ein breiter Überblick über die jahreszeitabhängigen Harnstoffgehalte in Sprühmagermilchpulvern unterschiedlicher Herkunft erhalten. Die Harnstoffgehalte sind von Februar bis Mai nahezu konstant (0,25–0,26%), steigen von Juni bis Oktober aber auf Werte von 0,32% an.

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A rapid computer aided method for the determination of urea in dairy products — skim milk powder

Summary The enzymatic determination of urea in spray-dried skim milk powders was transferred to a computer aided photometric analysing system. Sample preparation is optimal using ultrafiltration, but the direct use of a milk sample is also possible with this system. The precision including sample preparation as coefficient of variation was about 0.69%, the standard deviation of the assay was 0.115–0.135 at an average content of 5.4–5.5 mg urea per 100 ml skim milk. The method was tested on 147 spray-dried skim milk powders, which were of varying origin and collected at different times of the year (Jan.-Oct.). In this way a representative survey for the urea content of a great number of skim milk powders was possible. It was also shown, that the urea content is highly affected by season. It is very constant from February to May (0.25–0.26%), and rises from June to October up to nearly 0.32%.

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Herrn Professor Dr. Dr. Andreas Lembke, Institut für Virusforschung und experimentelle Medizin, D-2420 Eutin-Siebek zum 75. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

Zur statistik des einbaus einer als regler in polyamid 12 verwendeten aliphatischen dicarbonsäure

As hard blocks in polyether block amides, polyamides are used whose length is intensively regulated by dicarboxylic acids. Since, with regard to melting and crystallization behaviour, this acid constitutes an interfering structural unit in the chain, and in the case of a completely converted product each chain contains one acid molecule, it is essential to know where in the chain incorporation will occur. As opposed to monofunctional chain regulators which always form a chain end, a bifunctional chain regulator can a priori also be randomly incorporated into the inner part of the chain. This leads to a far greater interference than occurs if the chain regulator molecule and the chain end, which acts as an interfering unit in any case, coincide with each other. By means of adipic acid-regulated oligoamides based on lauryl lactam, the incorporation of the chain regulator was examined by NMR spectroscopy and compared with model calculations. This resulted in a close match only if it was presupposed that the incorporation was carried out randomly with the same degree of probability at any point whatsoever between two lauryl lactam structural units or at the chain end. Further calculations illustrate the effects of the incorporation of the chain regulator on the size of the amorphous portion.