Complex refractive index of ammonium nitrate in the 2-20-microm spectral range

Using high-resolution Fourier-transform infrared absorbance and transmittance spectral data for ammonium sulfate (AMS), calcium carbonate (CAC), and ammonium nitrate (AMN), we made comparisons with previously published complex reactive-index data for AMS and CAC to infer experimental parameters to determine the imaginary refractive index for AMN in the infrared wavelength range from 2 to 20 microm. Subtractive Kramers-Kronig mathematical relations were applied to calculate the real refractive index for the three compositions. Excellent agreement for AMS and CAC with the published values was found, validating the complex refractive index obtained for AMN. We performed backscatter calculations using a log-normal size distribution for AMS, AMN, and CAC aerosols to show differences in their backscattered spectra.     

An efficient elite group-based routing protocol for wireless sensor network

ABSTRACT

In recent days, due to the wide verities of applications of Wireless Sensor Networks, it gets recognition from research communities. As the sensor nodes are operated through limited battery capacity, how to utilise the battery power or energy in an optimum way is a major concern. In this paper, we have addressed the energy issue of wireless sensor networks. We have developed an energy-efficient routing protocol. This paper proposes the Novel Elite group concept where the cluster-head selection process is restricted to only a few high-energy nodes rather than all nodes in the network, which substantially reduces the number of cluster-head selection overhead in every iteration, decreases the energy consumption and increases network lifetime. Our method is compared with three well-known routing protocols, i.e. EECRP (Energy Efficient Centroid-Based Routing Protocol) protocol, NCBR (New Cooperative Balancing Routing Protocol) and Mod-LEACH (Modified low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy Protocol). We have conducted a simulation in NS-2 simulator. We have computed various network quality parameters like Throughput, transmission delay, analysis of the number of dead nodes (reciprocal of alive nodes) and energy dissipation with respect to the number of simulation rounds. The simulation results show that our proposed methodology outperforms the rest of the protocol.     

High Altitude Aeronautical Platform for VoIP: Dependability Analysis

VoIP has become a revolutionary technology in the field of communication as it provides long distant calls at a very low cost and has many other advantages. But it depends upon a reliable Internet connection with high bandwidth availability. To meet this requirement researchers have proposed the employment of VoIP over 5G network (Vo5G) which is expected to upgrade mobile broadband services in future. In this paper, we recommend integration of Vo5G with high altitude aeronautical platforms (HAAPs) which are used to decrease the distance of transmitted signals from the satellites. HAAPs are also used to extend the coverage and capacity of wireless communication. We propose an architecture in which voice services will be provided through a 5G network which is integrated with HAAP, i.e., Vo5G integrated with HAAP. A dependability model is developed using the key components of Vo5G and HAAP to analyze the dependability attributes of the proposed architecture. To analyze the dependability model we use a semi-Markov process (SMP), a generalized version of continuous time Markov chain (CTMC), which takes into account the non-Markovian behaviour of the time spent in different states of the system. The steady-state as well as the transient results for availability and reliability are obtained through the SMP model. The steady-state results are obtained analytically, whereas the transient results are obtained through simulation. A comparison is also presented between Vo5G integrated with HAAP and Vo5G without HAAP to show that the former performs better. Numerical results are presented graphically, and the proposed dependability model is also validated through discrete-event simulation.

     

Triplet Harvesting with 100% Efficiency by Way of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence in Charge Transfer OLED Emitters

Organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) have their performance limited by the number of emissive singlet states created upon charge recombination (25%). Recently, a novel strategy has been proposed, based on thermally activated up‐conversion of triplet to singlet states, yielding delayed fluorescence (TADF), which greatly enhances electroluminescence. The energy barrier for this reverse intersystem crossing mechanism is proportional to the exchange energy (ΔE_ST) between the singlet and triplet states; therefore, materials with intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) states, where it is known that the exchange energy is small, are perfect candidates. However, here it is shown that triplet states can be harvested with 100% efficiency via TADF, even in materials with ΔE_ST of more than 20 kT (where k is the Boltzmann constant and T is the temperature) at room temperature. The key role played by lone pair electrons in achieving this high efficiency in a series of ICT molecules is elucidated. The results show the complex photophysics of efficient TADF materials and give clear guidelines for designing new emitters.     

Spray dried formulation of mesalamine embedded with probiotic biomass for the treatment of ulcerative colitis: in-vitro and in-vivo studies

Abstract

This study is using the targeted approach and anti-inflammatory action of the probiotic biomass to lessen the side effects of therapeutic agents of ulcerative colitis. The aim of the present study is to prepare mesalamine loaded eudragit S-100 with probiotic microparticles by spray drying method. The in-vitro release of the optimized formulation was 90.55?±?2.42 in 24?hr, which display controlled drug release of mesalamine at a particular region. Mesalamine loaded eudragit S-100 with probiotic microparticles (F12) presented average particle size of 4.91?µm. The statistical analysis was done by one way ANOVA and then comparison test of Bonferroni was done and p values <.05 were considered as significant. The effects of spray dried microparticles over inflamed Caco-2 cell were also evaluated by determining the concentration of IL-8. From in-vivo study it was seen that pretreatment of mesalamine with probiotic prevents DNBS (Dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid) induced colitis in rats and represents protective action against ulcerative colitis because of its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. The results give the foundation for a combination of targeted approach along with the anti-inflammatory potential of the probiotic which might help to decrease the problems which are seen with the traditional cure and management of ulcerative colitis.     

Interpolymer association between phenolic copolymers and polyelectrolytes: effects of copolymer structure and hydrophobic interactions on the stability of polycomplexes

Summary Phenolic copolymers have been prepared with two different feed compositions from some typical phenolic monomers, such as, p-Chlorophenol, p-Cresol and p-Aminophenol. They have been characterized by known methods. Some interpolymer complexes of the phenolic copolymers have been prepared with polyelectrolytes, such as poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA) and poly(ethylene imine)(PEI). The degree of linkage, stability constant, enthalpy and entropy changes of the systems were determined at several temperatures. Interpretations have been sought in terms of the various interacting forces involved in the complex formation.     

Green's Function for Transversely Isotropic Thermoelastic Diffusion Bimaterials

The aim of the present article is to study the Green's function in transversely isotropic thermoelastic diffusion bimaterial. With this objective, first the three-dimensional general solution in transversely isotropic thermoelastic diffusion bimaterial is derived. On the basis of general solution, Green's function, with a concentrated heat source in steady state, is completely solved using harmonic functions. The components of displacement, stress, temperature distribution, and mass concentration are expressed in terms of elementary functions. The resulting quantities are computed numerically and illustrated graphically. A particular case of three-dimensional Green function in transversely isotropic thermoelastic bimaterial has been deduced from the present investigation.     

Spatial neighborhood based anomaly detection in sensor datasets

Success of anomaly detection, similar to other spatial data mining techniques, relies on neighborhood definition. In this paper, we argue that the anomalous behavior of spatial objects in a neighborhood can be truly captured when both (a) spatial autocorrelation (similar behavior of nearby objects due to proximity) and (b) spatial heterogeneity (distinct behavior of nearby objects due to difference in the underlying processes in the region) are taken into consideration for the neighborhood definition. Our approach begins by generating micro neighborhoods around spatial objects encompassing all the information about a spatial object. We selectively merge these based on spatial relationships accounting for autocorrelation and inferential relationships accounting for heterogeneity, forming macro neighborhoods. In such neighborhoods, we then identify (i) spatio-temporal outliers, where individual sensor readings are anomalous, (ii) spatial outliers, where the entire sensor is an anomaly, and (iii) spatio-temporally coalesced outliers, where a group of spatio-temporal outliers in the macro neighborhood are separated by a small time lag indicating the traversal of the anomaly. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in neighborhood formation and anomaly detection with experimental results in (i) water monitoring and (ii) highway traffic monitoring sensor datasets. We also compare the results of our approach with an existing approach for spatial anomaly detection.     

GERT analysis of a two-unit cold standby system with repair

This paper presents a GERT (Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique) analysis of a two-unit cold standby system. The various performance characteristics of the system have been derived analytically.     

Thermoluminescence features of alumina-mixed borophosphate glasses with Tb3+ ions for dosimetric applications

Amorphous barium borophosphate materials doped with small quantity of terbium ions and with the addition of some amounts of alumina were prepared. Thermoluminescence (TL) characteristics of these glasses were investigated after irradiating them with different doses of γ-rays (in the range 0.5-8.0 kGy). The TL emission exhibited a dosimetric peak at about 210°C. The TL output under this glow peak is observed to increase with the γ-ray dose. For any fixed γ-ray dose, the TL output is increased with increase in Al₂O₃ content up to 3.0 mol%, and beyond this concentration, quenching of TL is visualized. The dose response of TL output of these glasses exhibited linear behavior in the dose range 0.5-4.0 kGy. The mechanisms responsible for TL emission and the variation of TL output with the concentration of Al₂O₃ are quantitatively discussed in terms of structural defects induced during γ-ray irradiation. Finally, it is concluded that these glasses are potential materials for dosimetry applications in the dose range 0.5-4.0 kGy.