UHV-fracture surfaces of different (B, C)- and (Al, C)-doped pressureless sintered SiC materials are investigated by using high resolution Auger electron spectroscopy (HRAES). The grain boundaries at intergranular fractured regions of (B, C)-doped materials are evidently free of any enrichment of impurity elements or sintering additives. In contrast, the (Al, C)-doped materials reveal the existence of thin Al-containing grain boundary films. Sputtering indicates their thickness to be less than 1 nm. The concentrations of the elements segregated in the grain boundary films are determined. 相似文献
In the off-gases of internal combustion engines running with oxygen excess, non-thermal plasmas (NTPs) have an oxidative potential, which results in an effective conversion of NO to NO2. In combination with appropriate catalysts and ammonia (NH3-SCR) or hydrocarbons (HC-SCR) as a reducing agent, this can be utilized to reduce nitric oxides (NO and NO2) synergistically to molecular nitrogen.
The combination of SCR and cold plasma enhanced the overall reaction rate and allowed an effective removal of NOX at low temperatures. Using NH3 as a reducing agent, NOX was converted to N2 on zeolites or NH3-SCR catalysts like V2O5–WO3/TiO2 at temperatures as low as 100–200 °C. Significant synergetic effects of plasma and catalyst treatment were observed both for NH3 stored by ion exchange on the zeolite and for continuous NH3 supply.
Certain modifications of Al2O3 and ZrO2 have been found to be effective as catalysts in the plasma-assisted HC-SCR in oxygen excess. With an energy supply of about 30 eV/NO-molecule, 500 ppm NO was reduced by more than half at a temperature of 300 °C and a space velocity of 20 000 h−1 at the catalyst. The synergistic combinations of NTP and both NH3- and HC-SCR have been verified under real diesel engine exhaust conditions. 相似文献
SEM and EDS measurements were used to scrutinize the microstructure of Duocel open cell 6101 aluminum foam in relation to
its fracture properties. In-situ SEM tensile tests on the open cell aluminum foam were performed to investigate the different fracture modes of struts and
Aramis/Digital Image Correlation software was used to map the strain in individual struts. Observations during tensile tests
showed that the microstructure of the struts has a great influence on the fracture behaviour of the foam. In particular AlFeSi-precipitates,
which are due to the casting of the 6101 aluminum alloy, and the morphology of the foam alters the fracture mode of the struts
in the foam from transgranular to intergranular. Less energy is needed for intergranular fracture of struts and the strain
to failure of the foam is decreased due to weak individual struts. 相似文献
Online learning of complex control behaviour of autonomous mobile robots like walking machines is one of the current research topics. In this article, a hybrid learning architecture based on reinforcement learning (RL) and self-organizing neural networks for online adaptivity is presented. The hybrid concept integrates different learning methods and task-oriented representations as well as available domain knowledge. The proposed concept is used for RL of control strategies on different control levels on a walking machine. 相似文献
We contrast theorem provers and computer algebra systems, pointing out the advantages and disadvantages of each, and suggest a simple way to achieve a synthesis of some of the best features of both. Our method is based on the systematic separation of search for a solution and checking the solution, using a physical connection between systems. We describe the separation of proof search and checking in some detail, relating it to proof planning and to the complexity class NP, and discuss different ways of exploiting a physical link between systems. Finally, the method is illustrated by some concrete examples of computer algebra results proved formally in the HOL theorem prover with the aid of Maple. 相似文献
An essential requirement to better understand activity-based travel behavior (ABTB) at the disaggregate level is the development of a spatio-temporal model able to support queries related to activities of individuals or groups of individuals. This paper describes the development and implementation of a temporal extension to a geographic information system (GIS) object-oriented model for the modeling of the time path and the retrieval of its event chaining. In this approach, time path is formulated as a totally time ordered set composed by activity events and trip events, themselves organized into time ordered sets. As sets, the time path and its components can be searched using their respective indexes. A series of methods were built that implement temporal predicates as an interface to temporally query the database. A set of positional operator methods were also designed that transform temporal topological queries into retrieval functions based on set ordering indices. Taken together, the temporal predicates and the positional operator methods define a temporal query extension that meets the retrieval needs of an ABTB database. 相似文献
The ultra-low friction coefficient (typically in the 10−2 range) of MoS2-based coatings is generally associated with the friction-induced orientation of ‘easy-shear’ planes of the lamellar structure parallel to the sliding direction, particularly in the absence of environmental reactive gases and with moderate normal loads. We used and AES/XPS ultra-high vacuum tribometer coupled to a preparation chamber, thus allowing the deposition of oxygen-free MoS2 PVD coatings and the performance of friction tests in various controlled atmospheres. Friction of oxygen-free stoichiometric MoS2 coatings deposited on AISI 52100 steel was studied in ultra-high vacuum (UHV: 5 × 10−8 Pa), high vacuum (HV: 10−3 Pa), dry nitrogen (105 Pa) and ambient air (105 Pa). ‘Super-low’ friction coefficients below 0.004 were recorded in UHV and dry nitrogen, corresponding to a calculated interfacial shear strength in the range of 1 MPa, about ten times lower than for standard coatings. Low friction coefficients of about 0.013–0.015 were recorded in HV, with interfacial shear strength in the range of 5 MPa. Friction in ambient air leads to higher friction coefficients in the range of 0.2. Surface analysis performed inside the wear scars by Auger electron spectroscopy shows no trace of contaminant, except after friction in ambient air where oxygen and carbon contaminants are observed. In the light of already published results, the ‘super-low’ friction behaviour (10−3 range) can be attributed to superlubricity, obtained for a particular combination of cystallographic orientation and the absence of contaminants, leading to a considerable decrease in the interfacial shear strength. 相似文献
Named-entity recognition (NER) involves the identification and classification of named entities in text. This is an important subtask in most language engineering applications, in particular information extraction, where different types of named entity are associated with specific roles in events. In this paper, we present a prototype NER system for Greek texts that we developed based on a NER system for English. Both systems are evaluated on corpora of the same domain and of similar size. The time-consuming process for the construction and update of domain-specific resources in both systems led us to examine a machine learning method for the automatic construction of such resources for a particular application in a specific language. 相似文献