Biorenewable solvents for vegetable oil extraction

A review of the literature pertaining to possible alternatives for hexane as solvent in the extraction of vegetable oils was made. The review was restricted to solvents obtainable from renewable resources and included the most recent technological advances in oil extraction processes. The most promising systems surveyed were based on the use of water, alcohols, ketones, halocarbons, or of liquified and supercritical gases as solvents for oils. Presented at the 31st Oilseed Processing Clinic March 1982, New Orleans, LA.     

Elimination of aflatoxins from peanut meal

Peanut meal containing aflatoxins was heat treated in the presence of moisture and chemicals to reduce the aflatoxin content. Treatments with ammonia, methylamine, sodium hydroxide and ozone were effective in either destroying aflatoxins or greatly reducing aflatoxin levels as indicated both by TLC analysis and feeding experiments with ducklings and rats. Weight gains for animals receiving the treated meals were essentially comparable to those for animals receiving aflatoxin-free meal. The treated meals, however, had somewhat reduced protein efficiency ratios, as indicated by rat feeding tests. Complete elimination of aflatoxins from contaminated peanut meal was achieved by extraction with a 90% acetone-10% water (w/w) solvent system. The extracted aflatoxin-free peanut meal gave good growth in the duckling and rat feeding tests, and had a relatively high protein efficiency ratio. So. Utiliz. Res. Dev. Div., ARS, USDA.     

Ammoniation of aflatoxin B1 in a pressure chamber used to decontaminate toxin-containing cottonseed meal

Radiolabelled aflatoxin B₁ mixed with non-labelled B₁ distributed on an inert carrier was treated in a pressurized ammoniation chamber with 4% ammonia at 40 psi and held at 100 C for 30 min. Twenty per cent of the radiolabel was lost, probably as volatiles. Less than 1% of the original toxin was recovered as B₁ indicating that ammoniation altered the structure of essentially all of the B₁. Approximately 20% of degraded aflatoxin B₁ was accounted for as a 206 MW compound that exhibited properties of a nonfluorescent phenol with a difuran moiety but neither the lactone carbonyl nor the cyclopentenone ring of aflatoxin B₁. The remaining degradation products were fragments of B₁ having molecular weights less than 200.     

Coinfection of human foreskin fragments with multiple human papillomavirus types (HPV-11, -40, and -LVX82/MM7) produces regionally separate HPV infections within the same athymic mouse xenograft

The athymic mouse xenograft system was used to prepare infectious stocks of two additional anogenital tissue-targeting human papillomaviruses (HPVs) in a manner similar to that for the development of infectious stocks of HPV-11. An anal condyloma from a transplant patient was used as material for extraction of infectious virus, and human foreskin fragments were incubated with the virus suspension and transplanted subrenally into athymic mice. Partial viral sequencing indicated that two rare HPV types (HPV-40 and HPVLVX82/MM7) were concurrently present in both the patient condyloma and the foreskin xenografts, and passage of both types was achieved as a mixed infection with HPV-40 predominating. Xenografts that developed from simultaneous infection of human foreskin fragments with HPV-11, -40, and -LVX82/MM7 virions produced regionally separate areas of HPV-11 and -40 infection as determined by in situ hybridization. In addition, in situ hybridization with HPV-40 and HPVLVX82/MM7 DNA probes demonstrated that both of these HPV types were present as adjacent but separate infections within the same anal condyloma of the transplant patient. These studies indicate that multiple HPV types can simultaneously infect genital tissue and that each HPV type predominantly maintains regional separation within the same papilloma.     

Inactivation of aflatoxins in cottonseed meal by ammoniation: I. Reaction studies

Cottonseed meal containing an average of 340 ppb total aflatoxins was treated with anhydrous liquid ammonia under varying conditions of time, temperature, and ammonia concentration. Meal moisture was held constant at 10%. A unique sampling device was constructed and used to withdraw meal at time intervals as frequent as 5 min during the reaction period, without interrupting the ammoniation process. The rate of aflatoxin inactivation occurring under a given set of treatment conditions was thus monitored. The data obtained in this study indicate that the inactivation of aflatoxins in cottonseed meal, as determined by chemical assay, may be successfully achieved by use of less stringent conditions of time, temperature, pressure, and moisture content than previous studies have indicated.     

Symmetric array of off-axis singular beams: spiral beams and their critical points

We consider conditions of structural stability under which the array of singular beams preserves its topological structure and intensity distribution while slightly perturbing its intrinsic parameters. The orbital angular momentum of the array as a function of the array parameters is a characteristic function, and its extreme points correspond to stable and unstable array states.     

Solar cells from carbon

A photovoltaic device, of the Schottky-barrier variety, has been fabricated from pure buckminsterfullerene and silver. The paper presents, as motivation for this work, a number of reasons why fullerenes may turn out to be excellent materials for solar cell fabrication. A summary is given of the experimental techniques employed and the results obtained thus far.     

Precursor synthesis and properties of iron and lithium co-doped cadmium oxide

Journal of Electroceramics - Lithium and iron co-doped cadmium oxide Cd0.9(Li1-xFex)0.1O (x?=?0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7) with NaCl structure has been synthesized using formate of the...     

Inactivation of aflatoxins in peanut and cottonseed meals by ammoniation

Aflatoxins in peanut and cottonseed meal can be inactivated by treatment with gaseous ammonia. In pilot plant runs, contaminated peanut meal was ammoniated at two levels each of moisture content, reaction time, temperature and ammonia pressure. Thin layer chromatography indicated that ammoniation inactivated the aflatoxins (121 ppb) in the meal to a nondetectable level. With a similar treatment, total aflatoxins (350 ppb) in cottonseed meal were reduced to 4 ppb. A series of runs was made with large scale equipment using cottonseed meal containing an average of 519 ppb total aflatoxins. Under optimum processing conditions, aflatoxin content of this meal was reduced to below 5 ppb and non-detectable levels. So. Utiliz. Res. Dev. Div., ARS, USDA.