Liquid‐Liquid Biphasic,Platinum‐Catalyzed Hydrosilylation of Allyl Chloride with Trichlorosilane using an Ionic Liquid Catalyst Phase in a Continuous Loop Reactor

The platinum‐catalyzed hydrosilylation of allyl chloride with trichlorosilane was investigated in an ionic liquid‐organic biphasic reaction mode. After an ionic liquid screening and repetitive batch mode experiments, the process was realized in a continuous mode using a loop reactor concept with integrated continuous separation and recycling of the ionic liquid catalyst phase. The continuous reactor could be operated for 48 h at constant activity and selectivity without addition of platinum indicating that platinum leaching into the product phase was far below 1 ppm. Enhanced selectivity for the product trichloro(3‐chloropropyl)silane (compared to the state‐of‐the art) and the possibility to use simple platinum tetrachloride (PtCl₄) as platinum source are further attractive features of this new ionic liquid‐based process concept.     

Sanierung der Felseremitage Bretzenheim a.d. Nahe

Rehabilitation of the hermitage of Betzenheim/Nahe. The hermitage of Bretzenheim/Nahe (Germany), which was excavated inside the exposed hard rock, is located about 5 km north of the city of Bad Kreuznach within the southern valley side of the brook Guldenbach. Since the sixties of the last century a progressive reduction of the structural stability of the historic monument due to the processes of weathering and accompanied displacements of large‐jointed rock mass sections was monitored. The successful stabilization of the situation was managed by the installation of permanently acting pre‐stressed bar anchors within the year 1997. The task group “Geotechnik historischer Bauwerke und Naturdenkmäler” of the German Society for Geotechnics (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Geotechnik, DGGT) has acted in an advisory capacity regarding the design of the required stabilization measurements. The success of the applied stabilization measures has been verified by means of displacement monitoring until the year 2007.     

Zur Leistungsfähigkeit,korrekten Anwendung und Kontrolle von EDV‐Programmen für die Berechnung räumlicher Stabwerke im Stahlbau (Teil 1)

On performance, correct use and control of computer programs for structural analysis of three‐dimensional steel frameworks. Structural analysis of three‐dimensional steel frameworks is normally carried out by means of computer programs based on second or higher order theory. The present article classifies under special consideration of equivalent imperfections, whether these simplified theories are adequate or if additional terms are necessary to obtain sufficiently accurate results in practical engineering in any case. For software producers and users, several simple examples are presented, in order to demonstrate the general performance of a software. Furthermore important hints are given for the correct use of computational software developed for statical framework calculation.     

Chemometric Analysis of <Superscript>1</Superscript>H NMR Fingerprints of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Coffea arabica</Emphasis> Green Bean Extracts Cultivated under Different Planting Densities

High planting density has been used to increase coffee production but there are few studies related to the variations it provokes in metabolite compositions. The use of ¹H NMR data associated with chemometric techniques allows the determination of metabolic fingerprints and verification of metabolic changes when coffee is subjected to high planting densities. The aim of this work is to investigate ¹H NMR spectral data of green bean extracts of Coffea arabica cv. IAPAR 59 grown in a square pattern at two planting densities, 6000 and 10,000 plants ha^?1. Thirty extracts were obtained using a simplex centroid design with four solvents (ethanol, acetone, dichloromethane, and hexane). The lyophilized extracts were dissolved in DMSO-d₆ to obtain the ¹H NMR spectra. The spectral data were analyzed with principal component (PCA) and cluster analyses (CA). Significant differences between ethanolic and non-ethanolic extracts were found by PCA. Only the ethanolic mean spectrum showed characteristic chemical shifts of sugars and trigonelline. Acetone extracts were separated by cluster analysis.     

Redox processes in pressurised smoked salmon studied by resonance Raman spectroscopy

Non-thermal food preservation technology is based on the application of high pressures up to 600 MPa. Here we report a resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopic analysis of smoked salmon meat after high pressure processing. High quality spectra, which can be obtained even from packed salmon without spectral interference of the packing foil, allow determining pressure-dependent irreversible changes of the main RR-active components of salmon meat, astaxanthin and myoglobin/haemoglobin. High pressure-treatment causes a decrease of the relative RR intensities of astaxanthin as probed with 514 nm excitation which is in line with a slight attenuation of the originally intense red colour of the salmon meat. 413-nm excited RR spectra indicate a heterogeneous broadening of astaxanthin bands accompanied by the formation of deoxy-myoglobin or deoxy-haemoglobin. The results suggest that pressure-treatment facilitates the oxidative degradation of astaxanthin coupled to the reduction of metmyoglobin (methaemoglobin).     

Antioxidant capacity and total phenolics of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cyphostemma digitatum</Emphasis> before and after processing: use of different assays

In the framework of standardisation of new healthy food sources, this paper aimed to study the total phenolics and the antioxidant power of Cyphostemma digitatum (Vitaceae) in water and ethanol extracts, using 96-well micro plates with BMG FLUOstar Optima micro plate reader. Total phenolics by Folin–Ciocalteu method in the water extracts were significantly lower after processing, decreasing from 1.41 ± 0.06 g GAE/100 g in the raw leaves to 0.80 ± 0.08 g GAE/100 g in the processed sample; the ethanol extract revealed the same trend with higher values, decreasing from 1.95 ± 0.03 to 1.56 ± 0.12 g GAE/100 g. The antioxidant capacity was elucidated by four methods: TEAC, DPPH, FRAP and ORAC. No or very weak correlations were found between antioxidant assays and total phenolics; this confirms that the antioxidant capacity could be attributed to other molecules. The ORAC assay proved to be more powerful than the other assays; it showed 103.3 ± 2.5 mmol/100 g Trolox equivalents in the raw leaves ethanol extract and 91.9 ± 3.0 mmol/100 g in the processed sample. ORAC assay showed the opposite for the water extract where the antioxidant capacity increased from 16.7 ± 0.2 to 41.7 ± 2.7 mmol/100 g Trolox equivalents after processing, which could be attributed to new water-soluble compounds generated in the consumed form.     

免烫衬衫面料整理的新型流水线

60年来,Brückner公司已制造出了规模化、效果优良的机织及针织面料整理流水线。使用中国天津田歌纺织有限公司提供的样品,Brückner展现了几种不同免烫整理的新型流水线。     

Investigation of modified water glass as adhesive for wood and particleboard: mechanical,thermal and flame retardant properties

Water glass (WG) is an inorganic binder with excellent fire resistance in porous materials but has limited application to wood bonding. In this work, modified WG adhesive was developed and the effect of modification on the properties of adhesive and particleboard bonded with it was investigated. The bonding strength of WG adhesives increased by the modification with boric acid and aminofunctional silane. Stable siloxane linkage can lead to enhanced bonding. Particleboards with modified WG were manufactured with a target density of 750 kg m^?3. The silane was selected as the best modifier; it was the only one to meet the requirements of EN 312 (Type 2). The reaction of amino groups onto the surface of wood was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectrum. All particleboards produced with WG adhesives showed resistance to fire comparable to those with urea formaldehyde in the combustion test for 30 min. As a result of this investigation, WG modified with silane could be a desirable alternative to current synthetic adhesives for wood composites and fire resistance application.