Die Entwicklung der Medizingeschichte seit 1945

During the last decades, medical historiography has undergone considerable changes. This review attempts an outline of the developments since 1945. The first section sketches the institutional background of the discipline focusing on the characteristic features which emerged in different national traditions. The following sections—essentially restricted to the German speaking context—describe the development of the fields in research and teaching, ranging from the history of ideas to the social history of medicine, from philogical and editorial work to the philosophy and sociology of medical knowledge.     

免烫衬衫面料整理的新型流水线

60年来,Brückner公司已制造出了规模化、效果优良的机织及针织面料整理流水线。使用中国天津田歌纺织有限公司提供的样品,Brückner展现了几种不同免烫整理的新型流水线。     

A Highly Potent and Cellularly Active β‐Peptidic Inhibitor of the p53/hDM2 Interaction

New and improved : The incorporation of a 6‐chlorotryptophan (6‐Cl‐Trp) into a β‐peptide (M)‐3₁₄ helix leads to a high‐affinity hDM2 inhibitor, as demonstrated by fluorescence fluctuation analysis at single molecule resolution. When conjugated to penetratin, the newly derived hDM2 binder specifically inhibits tumour cell growth in vitro.

     

Particle‐Based Synthesis of Peptide Arrays

High‐density peptide arrays with solid amino acid particles: Intermittent “freezing” of activated amino acid derivatives within solid particles allows a laser printer or a chip to spatially address these “postal packages”. Subsequent parallel coupling is started simply by melting a whole layer of 20 different amino acid particles, freeing the hitherto immobilized amino acids and resulting in the coupling of all 20 different amino acids to the support in a single coupling step.

     

UV-C-inactivation of microorganisms in naturally cloudy apple juice using novel inactivation equipment based on Dean vortex technology

A novel UV-C irradiation device in laboratory scale was tested for its potential to inactivate bacteria in naturally cloudy apple juice. In this device, liquid flows through a helically wound tubing wrapped around a quartz glass tube containing a 9 W UV lamp with an irradiation intensity of 60 W/m² at 254 nm. The equipment was capable of reducing numbers of inoculated Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus brevis from an initial concentration of approximately 10⁶ CFU/ml or 10⁴ CFU/ml to below detectable limits in commercial naturally cloudy apple juice at a flow rate of 2 l/h, and to well below 1 × 10² also at higher flow rates of 4 and 8 l/h. Numbers of Saccharomyces cerevisiae could be reduced from an initial level of ca. 1 × 10⁴–1 × 10² CFU/ml or less at flow rates of 2 and 4 l/h. Although E. coli could be effectively inactivated also in self-extracted, as well as industrially processed apple juice, contaminating yeast and lactic acid bacteria were not completely eliminated.     

Expression of Connexin43 Stimulates Endothelial Angiogenesis Independently of Gap Junctional Communication In Vitro

Connexins (Cx) form gap junctions (GJ) and allow for intercellular communication. However, these proteins also modulate gene expression, growth, and cell migration. The downregulation of Cx43 impairs endothelial cell migration and angiogenetic potential. Conversely, endothelial Cx43 expression is upregulated in an in vivo angiogenesis model relying on hemodynamic forces. We studied the effects of Cx43 expression on tube formation and proliferation in HUVECs and examined its dependency on GJ communication. Expectedly, intercellular communication assessed by dye transfer was linked to Cx43 expression levels in HUVECs and was sensitive to a GJ blockade by the Cx43 mimetic peptide Gap27. The proliferation of HUVECs was not affected by Cx43 overexpression using Cx43 cDNA transfection, siRNA-mediated knockdown of Cx43, or the inhibition of GJ compared to the controls (transfection of an empty vector, scrambled siRNA, and the solvent). In contrast, endothelial tube and sprout formation in HUVECs was minimized after Cx43 knockdown and significantly enhanced after Cx43 overexpression. This was not affected by a GJ blockade (Gap27). We conclude that Cx43 expression positively modulates the angiogenic potential of endothelial cells independent of GJ communication. Since proliferation remained unaffected, we suggest that Cx43 protein may modulate endothelial cell migration, thereby supporting angiogenesis. The modulation of Cx43 expression may represent an exploitable principle for angiogenesis induction in clinical therapy.     

Liquid‐Liquid Biphasic,Platinum‐Catalyzed Hydrosilylation of Allyl Chloride with Trichlorosilane using an Ionic Liquid Catalyst Phase in a Continuous Loop Reactor

The platinum‐catalyzed hydrosilylation of allyl chloride with trichlorosilane was investigated in an ionic liquid‐organic biphasic reaction mode. After an ionic liquid screening and repetitive batch mode experiments, the process was realized in a continuous mode using a loop reactor concept with integrated continuous separation and recycling of the ionic liquid catalyst phase. The continuous reactor could be operated for 48 h at constant activity and selectivity without addition of platinum indicating that platinum leaching into the product phase was far below 1 ppm. Enhanced selectivity for the product trichloro(3‐chloropropyl)silane (compared to the state‐of‐the art) and the possibility to use simple platinum tetrachloride (PtCl₄) as platinum source are further attractive features of this new ionic liquid‐based process concept.