基于神威·太湖之光的非结构网格计算加速算法

在国产异构众核平台神威·太湖之光上的非结构网格计算具有稀疏存储、离散访存、数据依赖等特点,严重制约了众核处理器的性能发挥。为解决稀疏存储和离散访存问题,提出一种N阶对角染色算法,以有效平衡主从核计算并利用从核将全局访存转化为LDM访问。针对数据依赖造成的计算竞争问题,采用自适应和无依赖的任务划分方法,避免并行计算时的数据冲突。为对处理器架构和非结构网格计算进行优化,采用主核与从核异步并行的方式,差异化使用主从核以充分利用硬件资源,同时,取消处理器提供的寄存器通信机制,降低从核阵列的同步开销同时便于扩展到新一代神威平台。此外,使用计算访存异步重叠技术来充分隐藏访存延迟。利用SpMV、Integration、calcLudsFcc算子进行实验,结果表明,相比主核实现,组合加速算法在不同算例规模下平均取得了10倍的加速效果,加速比最高可达24倍,N阶对角染色算法相比非染色分块算法取得了超过5.8倍的性能加速,有效提升了数据局部性和计算并行度。该算法对有依赖关系的计算冲突算子同样具有良好的加速性能,验证了自适应和无依赖任务划分方法的有效性。     

防护层对爆炸焊接质量的影响

为了研究防护层在炸药爆轰过程中对复板表面的保护作用,依据实验数据,分析了复板在焊接完成后的表面平整度、是否发生熔融现象以及金属结合界面的波状纹理的变化情况。防护层隔绝高温的炸药爆轰产物对复板侵蚀,同时在爆轰初始阶段对于应力波透过防护层作用在复板上的应力有明显的增强效应。最终确定在爆炸焊接过程中对复板厚度为0.2cm时,在其表面均匀覆盖一层0.05~0.15cm的黄油可以较好地保护复板不受高温的爆轰产物侵蚀。实验过程中,选取不同种类炸药进行了对比实验,发现粉状硝铵炸药更加容易装药和控制爆轰速度,本实验选用硝铵炸药完成。     

铝粉含量及颗粒度对乳化炸药做功能力的影响

为了研究铝粉质量分数以及颗粒度对乳化炸药爆速与做功能力的影响,通过爆速测试仪电测法以及爆破漏斗法测量不同质量分数及颗粒度的含铝乳化炸药的爆速与做功能力,结果表明:在铝粉质量分数低于10%范围内,随着铝粉质量分数的增加,爆速与做功能力相对增加;当铝粉质量分数在10%~30%时,乳化炸药的爆速随着铝粉质量分数增加而减少,做功能力正好相反。当铝粉颗粒度变细时,爆速不断减小,做功能力不断增大。此次实验将不同的铝粉质量分数以及颗粒度的乳化炸药的爆速进行多次测量,发现质量分数与颗粒度分别对乳化炸药爆速有着一定的影响。究其原因,发现含铝乳化炸药的爆速与做功能力受其活性比、波阵面上铝粉饱和与否、反应区宽度等不同因素的影响,并不是单一的正负相关。     

起重机主梁腹板变形自动矫正执行器设计

起重机主梁生产线中下盖板与形梁组对时,用人工矫正方法矫正腹板波浪变形会在主梁腹板上留下焊疤,并增加没有附加值的打磨操作。为了改善这一状况,并高效配合机器人实施定位焊,采用磁力吸附原理进行腹板变形的自动矫正。首先对形梁腹板变形进行测量,并拟合出变形曲线,不同格子间的变形均为凹变形,最大变形值为24mm。接着利用有限元方法分析了磁铁布置方式对矫正效果的影响:在同样的磁铁吸附应力和布置方式下,大筋板间的间距越大,矫正效果越明显;而在同样的大筋板间距下,初始凹变形小有利于矫正;对所有的格子间,永磁铁距腹板下边缘越近,矫正效果越明显,同样的磁铁(长宽比大于1),横放比竖放的矫正效果明显。最后研发了自动矫正执行器的物理样机,其由吸附单元、推拉单元、结构单元、传感单元和控制单元组成,并进行了现场试验,测试结果满足矫正工艺的精度要求(±2mm),同时也验证了有限元分析结果的准确性。主梁腹板变形自动矫正执行器的研制实现了腹板变形识别、腹板临时连接的建立、矫正过程力感知和矫正运动可控。该装置实现了机器人定位焊前的腹板变形自动矫正,对前道工序的焊接工艺优化具有一定意义。     

TBM试验台支撑推进节能系统设计与仿真分析

针对全断面硬岩隧道掘进机(hard rock tunnel boring machine,简称TBM)在撑靴以设定压力撑紧围岩后支撑推进系统存在较大流量损失的问题,设计出一种具有负载敏感、恒压控制和蓄能器辅助支撑功能的支撑推进(简称LSCPGT)系统。利用AMESim软件搭建了LSCPGT系统模型,仿真分析了LSDRGT系统在变推进负载下的压力流量响应,并对比分析了在支撑工况下LSCPGT系统和恒压控制泵型支撑(constant pressure gripper,CPG)系统,以及在推进工况下LSCPGT系统与负载敏感泵型推进(load-sensing thrust,LST)系统和定量泵型推进(ration thrust,RT)系统的压力流量响应.结果表明:LST系统和LSCPGT系统在推进过程中都没有流量损失;CPG系统在支撑工况下存在流量损失,而LSCPGT系统由于蓄能器的保压作用没有流量损失;相对于LST系统+CPG系统的支撑推进系统,LSCPGT系统在撑靴达到设定压力后效率至少可提高43.5%。所设计的LSCPGT系统在满足支撑推进要求的同时,避免了流量损失,具有较好的节能效果。     

Social impacts of road traffic: perceptions and priorities of local residents

The assessment of the social impacts of road traffic is usually based on objective indicators or on expert judgement, without input from the affected communities. This paper considers the perceptions and priorities of local residents about traffic impacts and possible mitigation measures, using as a case study a rural area that will be affected by traffic associated with the construction of a nuclear power station. The study consisted of a qualitative phase followed by a stated preference survey. Econometric models were used to measure the relative priority of different impacts and mitigation measures. The most impactful aspects were noise, vibration and increased car or bus travel times. The most preferred measures were night-time restrictions to HGVs, parking restrictions and safety measures for pedestrians and cyclists. There were significant differences in preferences according to residence location, gender, employment status and household composition. The results provide information about aspects that tend to be aggregated in existing assessment frameworks, separating the reduction in the utility of some activities (like walking and driving) and the suppression of those activities.     

Silica shell-assisted synthetic route for mono-disperse persistent nanophosphors with enhanced in vivo recharged near-infrared persistent luminescence

Near-infrared (NIR) persistent-luminescence nanoparticles have emerged as a new class of background-free contrast agents that are promising for in vivo imaging.The next key roadblock is to establish a robust and controllable method for synthesizing monodisperse nanoparticles with high luminescence brightness and long persistent duration.Herein,we report a synthesis strategy involving the coating/etching of the SiO2 shell to obtain a new class of small NIR highly persistent luminescent ZnGa2O4∶Cr3+,Sn4+ (ZGOCS) nanoparticles.The optimized ZGOCS nanoparticles have an excellent size distribution of ～15 nm without any agglomeration and an NIR persistent luminescence that is enhanced by a factor of 13.5,owing to the key role of the SiO2 shell in preventing nanoparticle agglomeration after annealing.The ZGOCS nanoparticles have a signal-to-noise ratio ～3 times higher than that of previously reported ZnGa2O4∶Cr3+ (ZGC-1) nanoparticles as an NIR persistent-luminescence probe for in vivo bioimaging.Moreover,the persistent-luminescence signal from the ZGOCS nanoparticles can be repeatedly re-charged in situ with external excitation by a white lightemitting diode;thus,the nanoparticles are suitable for long-term in vivo imaging applications.Our study suggests an improved strategy for fabricating novel high-performance optical nanoparticles with good biocompatibility.     

Crystallographic analysis on small fatigue crack propagation behaviour of a nickel-based single crystal superalloy

In situ observations by scanning electron microscopy show that small fatigue cracks in a nickel-based single crystal superalloy are inclined to the loading direction and propagate in dominant crystallographic manners. In order to evaluate the driving forces for inclined crack propagation, three-dimensional anisotropic linear elastic finite-element analysis is conducted. The plastic zone size on the dominant slip plane has been calculated and proposed to correlate the fatigue crack growth. It is shown that this parameter takes into account both material anisotropy and octahedral fracture modes, and it can effectively characterize small crack propagation behaviour.     

Modelling and joint monitoring of input and output of systems with arbitrary order autoregressive disturbance

Considerable studies have been done on modelling and joint monitoring of input and output of systems with autoregressive moving average (ARMA) disturbance. Most of these studies focus on systems with ARMA (1, 1) disturbance. However, many kinds of systems are not conform to ARMA(1, 1) disturbance. Motivated by the fact that an autoregressive (AR) model with high order can be implemented to approximate the stationary ARMA model at any precision, a new generic model and a joint monitoring scheme of systems with arbitrary order AR(p) disturbance are developed. A minimum mean squared error (MMSE) controller with arbitrary order AR disturbance is designed to reduce the system variability. The mathematical expectation and average run length of MMSE-controlled outputs are derived. A new joint chart for monitoring the input and output simultaneously is explored. Two out-of-control rules for the joint monitoring chart are developed. The monitoring performances of the input chart, the output chart and the joint monitoring chart are also discussed. The results of simulation experiments and case studies validate the effectiveness of the developed model and joint monitoring chart.     

Research on lease and sale of electric vehicles based on value engineering

Electric vehicles (EVs) acknowledged as potential means of transportation tools in the near future are widely accepted as the development trend of automobile industry due to its environment protection and fuel energy saving properties. As a product containing new technologies and concepts with little market experience and consumer identification, studying its life cycle operation modes will help to figure out an optimal approach to conduct EVs manufacturing and service. The two common operation modes, lease and sale of EVs, have their own advantages and weaknesses under different scenarios and consumer psychological status. Research and comparisons on the function, cost and value of two operation modes in full life cycle will simulate the rapid development of EVs forming a mature and dynamic operation mechanism. This paper utilised approaches in value engineering, putting forward customer requirements and technical elements of EV lease and sale based on quality assessment and customer-perceived value, proposing the metric method of function and cost coefficient by mathematical modelling, and conducting value coefficient analysis and comparison based on customer’s risk aversion psychology. An illustrative example raised for studying operation mode of three different kinds of EVs based on the analysis of value coefficient, providing guideline for manufacturer and servicers of EVs.