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101.
Information theory offers a means for analyzing some constraints on the reading and copying process in Old English. Entropy for strings of various lengths offers a baseline measure of the uncertainty involved in transmission of Old English texts, while avoiding the pitfalls of applying models of modern reading to early medieval practice. Analysis of lengthy prose and verse texts in Old English revealed uniformly high values for entropy at all string lengths. High entropies may be the result of the language's irregular orthography, poetic koiné, and several dialects and imply that the language may have been easy to write but difficult to read. The low redundancy of the language which its high entropy values indicate suggests that the reader of Old English played an enhanced role in decoding a text and may provide an explanation for the high variability in the transmission of Old English verse.Katherine O'Brien O 'Keeffe is Professor of English at Texas A&M University and a co-director of its Interdisciplinary Group for Historical Literary Study.William Rundell is Professor of Mathematics at Texas A&M University. 相似文献
102.
The kinetics of thermal grooving at the intersection of rhombohedral twin boundaries with the \((10\bar 10)\) plane in aluminium oxide were measured from 1773 to 2273 K. Analysis of the data using the model of Mullins showed that surface diffusion was the dominant mechanism for mass transport. The results were compared with other similar published work on alumina, and the following equation for surface diffusion was determined: $$D_s (cm^2 sec^{ - 1} ) = 4.05 x 10^5 exp - (452kJ mol^{ - 1} /RT).$$ 相似文献
103.
Jaspreet S. Gandhi William J. van Ooij 《Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance》2004,13(4):475-480
Organofunctional silanes recently have emerged as outstanding, environmentally friendly corrosion protectors for metal substrates,
compared with conventional chromate treatments. A simple immersion technique is typically used to coat the metal surface with
silane films. However, the thickness and uniformity of the films are uncontrolled in this process. This paper proposes a new
deposition technique for the silane films on the metal surface, i.e., by electrodeposition. Hydrolyzed silanes are water-soluble,
ionized molecules, so they can be deposited on metals by electrodeposition. Various combinations of silane mixtures were tested
at different voltages, pH values, bath concentrations, and exposure times on panels of alloy aluminum and mirror-polished
ferro-plate. The surface structure was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and ellipsometry. The resistance
of the film to corrosion was investigated by direct current (DC) polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)
techniques. Electrodeposition results in a more organized and uniform film with fewer pores, compared with immersed or dipped
films.
This paper was presented at the 2nd International Surface Engineering Congress sponsored by ASM International, on September
15–17, 2003, in Indianapolis, Indiana, and appears on pp. 320–26 of the Proceedings. 相似文献
104.
Viscosity data over a temperature range of 37-115°C and a pressure range of 0-10 MPa gauge are presented for a Cold Lake bitumen sample. These data show that the compression of Cold Lake bitumen results in a significant increase in its viscosity. Results are compared with those from a similar study on an Athabasca bitumen sample. Also presented are two correlations for the effects of pressure and temperature on the viscosity of Cold Lake bitumen. 相似文献
105.
Silicon Nitride Derived from an Organometallic Polymeric Precursor: Preparation and Characterization 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Wayde R. Schmidt Vijay Sukumar William J. Hurley Jr. Roberto Garcia Robert H. Doremus Leonard V. Interrante Gary M. Renlund 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》1990,73(8):2412-2418
Partially crystalline Si3 N4 , with nanosized crystals and a specific surface area greater than 200 m2 /g, is obtained by pyrolysis of a commercially available vinylic polysilane in a stream of anhydrous NH3 to 1000°C. This polymer does not contain N initially. Crystallization to high-purity α-Si3 N4 proceeds with additional heating above 1400°C under N2 . The changes in crystallinity, powder morphology, infrared spectra, and elemental compositions, for samples annealed from 1000° to 1600°C under N2 , are consistent with an amorphous-to-crystalline transformation. Although macroscopic consolidation and local densification occur at 1400°C, volatilization and accompanying weight loss limit bulk densification. The effect of temperature on specific surface area is examined and related to the sintering process. These results are applicable to pyrolysis, decomposition, and crystallization studies of ceramics synthesized by polymeric precursor routes. 相似文献
106.
Hydrogenation of double bonds was observed to occur during the isobutane chemical ionization mass spectrometry (MS) of unsaturated
fatty esters. Chemical ionization (CI) spectra of a series of methyl esters in the C16–C20 carbon range containing 0–4 double
bonds showed a variety of ionization characteristics in the molecular ion cluster, including hydride abstraction, charge exchange,
protonation and, for the unsaturated fatty acids (FA), hydrogenation of the double bond followed by protonation.
The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of
Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned. 相似文献
107.
Summary Monomer modified tall oil fatty acid trimethylolethane medium type of phthalic alkyds made by the High Polymer Alkyd Technique
show improved properties in dry time, mar resistance, and flexibility as compared with monomer modified conventional prepared
systems.
Greater hardness, less color degradation, greater resistance to extended periods at high temperature, and alkali and detergent
resistances result from the urea and melamine resin modifications of tall oil fatty acid High Polymer alkyds than is obtained
with similarly modified conventional alkyds. 相似文献
108.
JuvenileAplysia dactylomela were found feeding in abundance on the tropical brown algaStypopodium zonale, a seaweed previously shown to contain numerous unique terpene-quinone natural products. Lipid extracts of these herbivorous mollusks were shown by TLC and HPLC-NMR analyses to contain appreciable quantities of twoS. zonale metabolites as well as one new but closely related compound. Spectroscopic analyses of the new compound in concert with functional group modifications identified this new compound as 3-keto epitaondiol. A careful analysis of the seaweed extract failed to locate this ketone, and thus, it most likely represents anAplysia-biotransformed compound. This is the first clear reported observation of metabolite transfer between an alga of the phylum Phaeophyta and a sea hare. 相似文献
109.
Walter J. Jakubas Bernard C. Wentworth William H. Karasov 《Journal of chemical ecology》1993,19(10):2353-2377
Various plant secondary metabolites related to cinnamic acid are of interest because of their repellency to birds and their occurrence in ecologically important food items. Coniferyl benzoate (CB), a phenylpropanoid ester that occurs in quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) is of particular ecological interest because of its effect on ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) feeding behavior and its possible influence on the population dynamics of this bird. During detoxification processes, CB and other analogous compounds are metabolized into by-products, such as ferulic acid (FA), that can cause anti-reproductive effects. We tested whether consumption of CB produces antire-productive effects similar to FA using male and female Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix) as avian models for ruffed grouse. The parameters we investigated included: the production, morphology, and development of eggs; reproductive characteristics influenced by estrogen; serum prolactin levels; and male reproductive behavior. Dietary CB did not produce antireproductive effects similar to FA at intake levels that Japanese quail and ruffed grouse would freely consume. Consumption of CB by Japanese quail significantly reduced egg production and body mass but did not affect male reproductive performance. Coniferyl benzoate's effect on egg production may be explained by lower energy acquisition and retention rather than endocrine changes per se. Contrary to previous reports, it is unlikely that FA, or similar compounds act directly as estrogen mimics or antagonists. Although, CB did reduce egg production in quail, it is unlikely that it would affect egg production in wild ruffed grouse. Detoxification costs and the effects of CB on nutrient utilization may explain why ruffed grouse avoid high dietary levels of CB. 相似文献
110.
Preparation of Silicon Carbide/Aluminum Nitride Ceramics Using Organometallic Precursors 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Corinna L. Czekaj Michael L. J. Hackney William J. Hurley Jr. Leonard V. Interrante Gary A. Sigel Paul J. Schields Glen A. Slack 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》1990,73(2):352-357
Solid solutions of 2H -SiC/AlN can be prepared at temperatures less than 1600°C by rapid pyrolysis ("hot drop") of mixtures of [(Me3 Si)0.80 ((CH2 =CH)MeSi)1.0 (MeHSi)0.35 ] n (VPS) or [MeHSiCH2 ] n (MPCS) with [R2 AlNH2 ]3 , where R=Et, i -Bu or simply by slow pyrolysis of the precursor mixture in the case of [Et2 AlNH2 ]3 . In contrast, slow pyrolysis of mixtures of VPS or MPCS with [ i -Bu2 AlNH2 ]3 yields a composite of 2 H -AlN and 3 C -SiC at 1600°C, which transforms into a single 2 H -SiC/AlN solid solution on heating to 2000°C. The influences of the nature of the precursor and processing conditions on the structure, composition, and purity of the SiC/AlN materials are discussed. 相似文献