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161.
This paper reviews the most common formulations to obtain the compression strength of long fiber composites due to fiber buckling.
This failure mode was first studied by Rosen (Fibre Composite Materials, pp. 37–45, 1965) who defined two different fiber buckling modes, extensional and transverse. Further studies improved the first model proposed
by Rosen by defining with more accuracy the mechanics of the problem. Although each formulation use a different approach to
solve the problem, all of them agree in the dependence of fiber buckling on three main parameters: matrix shear strength,
fiber initial misalignments and volumetric participation of the fibers in the composite.
Once having described the different approaches used, and the parameters on which they depend, this paper describes a new formulation
capable of obtaining the compression strength of composites taking into account the fiber buckling phenomenon. This formulation
uses the serial/parallel mixing theory developed by Rastellini et al. (Comput. Struct. 86(9):879–896, 2008) to simulate the composite, and takes advantage of knowing the mechanical performance of the composite constituents to simulate
the fiber buckling phenomenon. This is done with an homogenization procedure. It consists in introducing the interaction between
fibers and matrix into their respective constitutive equations. The interaction between fiber and matrix takes into account
fiber initial misalignments, its volumetric participation and the mechanical properties of both constituents. 相似文献
162.
César Valderrama Xavier Gamisans Jose L Cortina Adriana Farrán F Xavier de las Heras 《Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire : 1986)》2009,84(2):236-245
BACKGROUND: Sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on activated carbon and the Macronet polymeric sorbent MN200 was investigated to determine the effectiveness of each sorbent for removal of pollutants from aqueous solution and their possible use as sorbent materials for groundwater. Experiments were carried out to determine the loading capacities of a family of PAHs (acenaphthene, anthracene, fluoranthene, fluorene, naphthalene and pyrene). RESULTS: Activated carbon was the more effective sorbent, with maximum loadings of PAHs between 90 and 230 g kg?1, while MN200 resin showed values of 25–160 g kg?1. Loading isotherms based on the Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich–Peterson models were determined. The hydrophobic character of the pollutants appeared as an important parameter related to the sorption process. Equilibrium and kinetic parameters were used to determine the retardation factors for each PAH. CONCLUSION: The calculated values for the simulation of barrier thickness using both sorbents, taking into account EU requirements for PAHs in groundwater effluent, were perfectly reasonable as a first estimate. The better kinetic properties of MN200 are evident in lower hydraulic residence times and consequently in a lower barrier thickness. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
163.
Christos G. Papadimitriou Anna Vafopoulou-Mastrojiannaki Sofia Vieira Silva Ana-Maria Gomes Francisco Xavier Malcata Efstathios Alichanidis 《Food chemistry》2007,105(2):647-656
Two sets of traditional Greek sheep milk yoghurt were produced: the first one (YC) using normal yoghurt culture (Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus ?10.13 and Streptococcus thermophilus ?10.7) and the second (PR) with the same normal culture mixed with Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei DC412. YC and PR had similar physicochemical properties and proteolysis patterns throughout storage. Both products showed similar peptide profiles by RP-HPLC but quantitative differences were observed in respect to storage time. Single-strain cultures of the microorganisms used showed similar peptide profiles for both lactobacilli, yet L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus was the most proteolytic of all three microorganisms. The peptide content and the ACE-inhibitory activity of the water-soluble extracts of yoghurts, YC and PR, increased throughout storage. Major peptides were identified from yoghurt PR and from the separate cultures of L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and L. paracasei subsp. paracasei. Most of these peptides were derived from β-casein. A peptide, β-CN f114-121, with well-established ACE-inhibitory and opiate-like activity was identified in yoghurt PR. Further identified peptides were regarded as potential ACE-inhibitors according to their sequence. 相似文献
164.
Water-soluble germanium species (GeS2, GeS and hexagonal-GeO2) are generated during coal gasification and retained in fly ash. This fact together with the high market value of this element and the relatively high contents in the fly ashes of the Puertollano Integrated Gasification in Combined Cycle (IGCC) plant directed our research towards the development of an extraction process for this element. Major objectives of this research was to find a low cost and environmentally suitable process. Several water based extraction tests were carried out using different Puertollano IGCC fly ash samples, under different temperatures, water/fly ash ratios, and extraction times. High Ge extraction yields (up to 84%) were obtained at room temperature (25 °C) but also high proportions of other trace elements (impurities) were simultaneously extracted. Increasing the extraction temperature to 50, 90 and 150 °C, Ge extraction yields were kept at similar levels, while reducing the content of impurities, the water/fly ash ratio and extraction time. The experimental data point out the influence of chloride, calcium and sulphide dissolutions on the Ge extraction. 相似文献
165.
Joan Colón Julia Martínez‐Blanco Xavier Gabarrell Joan Rieradevall Xavier Font Adriana Artola Antoni Sánchez 《Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire : 1986)》2009,84(8):1111-1117
BACKGROUND: Biofiltration is a suitable odor reduction technique for the treatment of gaseous emissions from composting processes, but little is known about the start‐up of full‐scale biofilters after material replacement and their performance after several years of operation. RESULTS: Biofilter material (wood chips used previously as bulking agent in a composting process) can effectively remove ammonia and most of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) content, achieving removal efficiencies greater than 70% for VOCs and near 90% for ammonia immediately after material replacement. These removal efficiencies were maintained for several months after material replacement. In the studied full‐scale biofilter no lag phase was observed in the removal of ammonia whereas in the case of VOCs different patterns were detected during biofilter start‐up. For the old biofilter material, after 4 years of operation, a statistically significant decrease of removal efficiency for ammonia in comparison with the new material was detected. No statistically significant differences were found in the case of VOCs. CONCLUSIONS: Data on the emissions of several pollutants from biofilters treating composting exhaust gases have been systematically obtained. The tested filtering media presented adequate properties for biofiltration of gases emitted during the composting process. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
166.
Xavier Chaud Tatiana Prikhna Yaroslav Savchuk Anne Joulain Evert Haanappel Pavel Diko Laureline Porcar Mahmoud Soliman 《Materials Science and Engineering: B》2008,151(1):53
Oxygen high pressure (up to 16 MPa) has been introduced in the oxygen-annealing step necessary to make the YBa2Cu3Ox phase superconducting (change x from 6 to about 7). It enables a displacement in the equilibrium phase diagram towards higher temperatures, which means the possibility to achieve the same final oxygen content as the one at low temperature, but with the benefit of higher diffusion rates. Initial development made on thin bars (1.5–3 mm thick) has confirmed the interest of using a high pressure of oxygen. TEM observations have shown an increase of twin density associated with higher Jc. This is in agreement with other works claiming the possibility of higher Jc by twin engineering, and more precisely by twin refinement while annealing at high temperature. We report the successful application of this process without any adjustment to so-called thin-wall single-domain samples. These samples are obtained by growing a crystal on a pellet already shaped with an array of holes. The advantage is that, as far as diffusion processes are concerned, the typical length is not anymore the diameter of the sample, but the thickness of the walls between holes. The trapped field of 16 mm diameter Y123 thin-wall single-domain samples was doubled (0.6 T vs. 0.3 T at 77 K) in a rather short annealing time (about 3 days). Microstructures as well as magneto-optical observations of plain and thin-wall samples evidenced a reduction of cracks in the thin-wall samples. Improved performances were confirmed by further characterizations performed from 77 down to 20 K using the pulse-field facilities of the LNCMP at Toulouse. 相似文献
167.
Metal-free phthalocyanine (H2Pc) single crystals grown by vacuum sublimation were investigated for their conductivity (both in dark and light). The investigations
consisted of dark- and photo-current variations with (i) applied electric field and (ii) temperature. The applied electric
field ranged from 0·8 kV/cm to 6 kV/cm. The temperature range was from 300°K to around 570°K. The crystals were found to be
photoconductive. Based on activation energies calculated from photoconductivity due to temperature dependence, an energy level
scheme for H2Pc single crystals is proposed. The model consists of two trapping levels within the forbidden gap — one at 0·4 eV below the
conduction band edge from which electrons are thermally excited into the conduction band and the other acts as recombination
centre at 0·3 eV above the valence band edge. The band gap is calculated to be 1·4 eV. Comparative study of the proposed model
with that of earlier investigations on the same crystals of the H2Pc is in good agreement, thereby indicating that H2Pc is thermally stable even at relatively higher temperature as semiconductor. 相似文献
168.
Vera G. Praig Gaëlle Piret Xavier Castel Sabine Szunerits 《Electrochimica acta》2008,53(27):7838-7844
Two-dimensional gold nanostructures (Au NSs) were fabricated on amine-terminated indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films using constant potential electrolysis. By controlling the deposition time and by choosing the appropriate ITO surface, Au NSs with different shapes were generated. When Au NSs were formed directly on aminosilane-modified ITO, the surface roughness of the interface was largely enhanced. Modification of such Au NSs with n-tetradecanethiol resulted in a highly hydrophobic interface with a water contact angle of 144°. Aminosilane-modified ITO films further modified with colloidal Au seeds before electrochemical Au NSs formation demonstrated interesting optical properties. Depending on the deposition time, surface colors ranging from pale pink to beatgold-like were observed. The optical properties and the chemical stability of the interfaces were characterized using UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. Well-defined localized surface plasmon resonance signals were recorded on Au-seeded interfaces with λmax = 675 ± 2 nm (deposition time 180 s). The prepared interfaces exhibited long-term stability in various solvents and responded linearly to changes in the corresponding refractive indices. 相似文献
169.
Malin Borg Eric Lefebvre Mikael Malmkvist Ludovic Desplanque Xavier Wallart Yannick Roelens Gilles Dambrine Alain Cappy Sylvain Bollaert Jan Grahn 《Solid-state electronics》2008,52(5):775-781
The effect of gate-length variation on DC and RF performance of InAs/AlSb HEMTs, biased for low DC power consumption or high gain, is reported. Simultaneously fabricated devices, with gate lengths between 225 nm and 335 nm, have been compared. DC measurements revealed higher output conductance gds and slightly increased impact ionization with reduced gate length. When reducing the gate length from 335 nm to 225 nm, the DC power consumption was reduced by approximately 80% at an fT of 120 GHz. Furthermore, a 225 nm gate-length HEMT biased for high gain exhibited an extrinsic fT of 165 GHz and an extrinsic fmax of 115 GHz, at a DC power consumption of 100 mW/mm. When biased for low DC power consumption of 20 mW/mm the same HEMT exhibited an extrinsic fT and fmax of 120 GHz and 110 GHz, respectively. 相似文献
170.
Modeling of a bacterial and fungal biofilter applied to toluene abatement: Kinetic parameters estimation and model validation 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Antoni David Dorado Guillermo Baquerizo Juan Pedro Maestre Xavier Gamisans David Gabriel Javier Lafuente 《Chemical engineering journal (Lausanne, Switzerland : 1996)》2008,140(1-3):52-61
Biofiltration has been established as a promising alternative to conventional air pollution control technologies. However, gas biofilters modeling has been less developed than experimental research due to the complexity of describing the fundamental processes and the lack of globally accepted physical, chemical and biological parameters. In addition, biofiltration modeling based on degradation activity of fungi has been rarely considered. For this reason, in this work, a dynamic model describing toluene abatement by a bacterial and fungal biofilter is developed, calibrated and validated. The mathematical model is based on detailed mass balances which include the main processes involved in the system: convection, absorption, diffusion and biodegradation. The model was calibrated and validated using experimental data obtained from two equal lab-scale biofilters packed with coconut fiber and pine leaves, respectively. Both reactors were operated under similar conditions during 100 days at an empty bed residence time of 60 s and an average inlet load of 77 g toluene m−3 h−1. Biofilters were initially inoculated with a bacterial consortium, even though reactors were mostly colonized by fungi after 60 days of operation according to microscopic observation and reactors pH. Removal efficiency increased notably from 20% for the bacterial period to 80% for the fully developed fungal biofilters. Since kinetic parameters are strongly dependent on the biological population, semi-saturation constants for toluene and maximum growth rates were determined for bacterial and fungal operation periods. Kinetic parameters were fitted by means of an optimization routine using either outlet concentrations or removal efficiency data from the coconut fiber biofilter. A novel procedure in gas biofilters modeling was considered for checking the model calibration, by the assessment of the parameters confidence interval based on the Fisher Information Matrix (FIM). Kinetic parameters estimated in the coconut fiber reactor were validated in the pine leaves biofilter for bacterial and fungal operation. Adequate model fitting to the experimental outlet gas concentration for both bacterial and fungal operation periods was verified by using a standard statistical test. 相似文献