光开关驱动接口设计

介绍了光开关在分布式光纤温度传感器系统的应用,提出了一种基于AT89C51单片机的光开关驱动接口设计方案.设计了多模1×2棱镜光开关驱动接口的硬件电路和软件程序,计算机通过RS232串口发出指令控制光开关的切换,实现了分布式光纤温度传感器系统传感距离的延伸.测试结果表明,该驱动接口可以有效地提升分布式光纤传感器系统的性...     

FPGA中RAM资源的测试定位算法研究及实现

在XC4000系列FPGA中,每个CLB的两个四输入查找表都可以被配置成随机存取存储器(RAM),RAM可以为FPGA提供存储大量数据的能力,因此,对RAM的测试是FPGA完备性测试必不可少的部分.根据RAM的结构和功能,提出一种有效的测试方法,并以XC4010E-PQ160为例,使用SOC软硬件协同验证平台,证明两次配置就可以完成对RAM的全覆盖可定位测试.     

A personal nanoparticle respiratory deposition (NRD) sampler

A lightweight (60 g), personal nanoparticle respiratory deposition (NRD) sampler was developed to selectively collect particles smaller than 300 nm similar to their typical deposition in the respiratory tract. The sampler operates at 2.5 Lpm and consists of a respirable cyclone fitted with an impactor and a diffusion stage containing mesh screens. The cut-point diameter of the impactor was determined to be 300 nm with a sharpness σ = 1.53. The diffusion stage screens collect particles with an efficiency that matches the deposition efficiency of particles smaller than 300 nm in the respiratory tract. Impactor separation performance was unaffected by loading at typical workplace levels (p-value = 0.26). With chemical analysis of the diffusion media, the NRD sampler can be used to directly assess exposures to nanoparticles of a specific composition apart from other airborne particles. The pressure drop of the NRD sampler is sufficiently low to permit its operation with conventional, belt-mounted sampling pumps.     

Effect of vanillin, ethyl vanillin, and vanillic acid on the growth and heat resistance of Cronobacter species

Preservatives could be part of an effective intervention strategy for the control of Cronobacter species in foods, but few compounds with the desired antimicrobial properties have been identified to date. We examined the antibacterial activity of vanillin, ethyl vanillin, and vanillic acid against seven Cronobacter spp. in quarter-strength tryptic soy broth with 5 g/liter yeast extract (TSBYE) adjusted to pH 5.0, 6.0, and 7.0 at 10, 21, and 37°C. All compounds exhibited pH- and temperature-dependant bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity. MICs of vanillin and ethyl vanillin consistently increased with decreasing pH and temperature, but vanillic acid had little activity at pH values of 6.0 and 7.0. The MICs for all temperatures, pH values, and bacterial strains tested were 2 mg/ml ethyl vanillin, 3 mg/ml vanillin, and >8 mg/ml vanillic acid. MBCs also were influenced by pH, although significantly higher concentrations were needed to inactivate the bacteria at 21°C than at 10 or 37°C. Survivor curves for Cronobacter sakazakii strains at the MBCs of each compound revealed that all treatments resulted in immediate loss of cell viability at 37°C. Measurements of propidium iodide uptake indicated that the cell membranes were damaged by exposure to all three compounds. The thermal resistance of C. sakazakii was examined at 58°C in TSBYE supplemented with MBCs of each compound at pH 5.0 and 6.0. D-values at pH 5.0 were reduced from 14.56 ± 0.60 min to 0.93 ± 0.01, 0.63 ± 0.01, and 0.98 ± 0.02 min for vanillin, ethyl vanillin, and vanillic acid, respectively. These results suggest that vanillin, ethyl vanillin, and vanillic acid may be useful for the control of Cronobacter spp. in food during preparation and storage.     

直流换流站噪声计算软件开发与预测水平研究

随着环保意识的不断加强,直流换流站的噪声问题正越来越受到重视.目前直流换流站的环境预测软件几乎都是国外进口的通用预测软件,该文对一款由国内自主开发的直流换流站环境噪声计算软件的软件结构、功能模块、程序编制及基本算法等方面进行了阐述,并对其预测水平进行了研究,结果表明:与国外预测软件SoundPlan与Cadna/A相比...     

自动目标识别(ATR)算法评估研究综述

自动目标识别(ATR)算法评估是ATR研究领域的一项关键技术,已成为近年来该领域的一个热门课题.从ATR算法评估的国内外研究现状开始,对其常用的评估指标、典型的评估方法等进行了较为全面的分析和综述,在此基础上,比较了各种指标的优缺点,讨论了典型方法的适用范围,给出了主要研究结论,并提出了需要进一步解决的问题.     

Ansys仿真技术在电子产品热设计中的应用

以某电子产品的热设计为例,利用Ansys软件的热分析功能,通过仿真分析,预测产品内部的热量分布和气流分布信息。根据分析结果优化各种设计参数,调整布局,找到了最佳的设计方案。     

谈北京公馆的节能技术设计

北京公馆作为高档公寓,在设计中采用了钢结构、呼吸式玻璃幕墙、水源热泵系统、地板采暖系统、独立新风系统等多种节能措施。多种节能措施的综合运用,在建筑工程的可持续发展方面具有一定的探索意义。     

Floc-based sequential partial nitritation and anammox at full scale with contrasting N2O emissions

New Activated Sludge (NAS^®) is a hybrid, floc-based nitrogen removal process without carbon addition, based on the control of sludge retention times (SRT) and dissolved oxygen (DO) levels. The aim of this study was to examine the performance of a retrofitted four-stage NAS^® plant, including on-line measurements of greenhouse gas emissions (N₂O and CH₄). The plant treated anaerobically digested industrial wastewater, containing 264 mg N L⁻¹, 1154 mg chemical oxygen demand (COD) L⁻¹ and an inorganic carbon alkalinity of 34 meq L⁻¹. The batch-fed partial nitritation step received an overall nitrogen loading rate of 0.18-0.22 kg N m⁻³ d⁻¹, thereby oxidized nitrogen to nitrite (45-47%) and some nitrate (13-15%), but also to N₂O (5.1-6.6%). This was achieved at a SRT of 1.7 d and DO around 1.0 mg O₂ L⁻¹. Subsequently, anammox, denitrification and nitrification compartments were followed by a final settler, at an overall SRT of 46 d. None of the latter three reactors emitted N₂O. In the anammox step, 0.26 kg N m⁻³ d⁻¹ was removed, with an estimated contribution of 71% by the genus Kuenenia, which constituted 3.1% of the biomass. Overall, a nitrogen removal efficiency of 95% was obtained, yielding a dischargeable effluent. Retrofitting floc-based nitrification/denitrification with carbon addition to NAS^® allowed to save 40% of the operational wastewater treatment costs. Yet, a decrease of the N₂O emissions by about 50% is necessary in order to obtain a CO₂ neutral footprint. The impact of emitted CH₄ was 20 times lower.     

Long-range effect of cyanide on mercury methylation in a gold mining area in southern Ecuador

Small-scale gold mining in Portovelo-Zaruma, Southern Equador, performed by mercury amalgamation and cyanidation, yields 9-10 t of gold/annum, resulting in annual releases of around 0.65 t of inorganic mercury and 6000 t of sodium cyanide in the local river system. The release of sediments, cyanide, mercury, and other metals present in the ore such as lead, manganese and arsenic significantly reduces biodiversity downstream the processing plants and enriches metals in bottom sediments and biota. However, methylmercury concentrations in sediments downstream the mining area were recently found to be one order of magnitude lower than upstream or in small tributaries. In this study we investigated cyanide, bacterial activity in water and sediment and mercury methylation potentials in sediments along the Puyango river watershed, measured respectively by in-situ spectrophotometry and incubation with ³H-leucine and ²⁰³Hg²⁺.Free cyanide was undetectable (< 1 μg·L^− 1) upstream mining activities, reached 280 μg·L^− 1 a few km downstream the processing plants area and was still detectable about 100 km downstream. At stations with detectable free cyanide in unfiltered water, 50% of it was dissolved and 50% associated to suspended particles. Bacterial activity and mercury methylation in sediment showed a similar spatial pattern, inverse to the one found for free cyanide in water, i.e. with significant values in pristine upstream sampling points (respectively 6.4 to 22 μgC·mg wet weight^− 1·h^− 1 and 1.2 to 19% of total ²⁰³Hg·g dry weight^− 1·day^− 1) and undetectable downstream the processing plants, returning to upstream values only in the most distant downstream stations. The data suggest that free cyanide oxidation was slower than would be expected from the high water turbulence, resulting in a long-range inhibition of bacterial activity and hence mercury methylation. The important mercury fluxes resultant from mining activities raise concerns about its biomethylation in coastal areas where many mangrove areas have been converted to shrimp farming.