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71.
The aim of this work is to propose an original solution to the acoustic impedance mismatch between a PZT transducer and a water load. The characteristic acoustic impedance of the PZT is around 33 MRayl. Theoretically, a quarter-wave layer with characteristic acoustic impedance equal to 7 MRayl is necessary to match the transducer to water. In practice, it is difficult to find a material with this particular impedance. Two or more quarter-wave layers may also be used. The following proposed solution consists in using two matching layers where one of them is the glue. Moreover, their thicknesses are not equal to a quarter of their individual wavelength. Once the glue is taken as the first matching layer, the specific material of the second layer can easily be found. In this work, the second layer, which is also the front layer, is made of glass. The thickness of each matching layer is then calculated as a function of the characteristic acoustic impedance of the two layers. The influence of the thickness of these layers is discussed. The proposed matching configuration is analyzed and theoretical results have been carefully and successfully compared with measurements. 相似文献
72.
A. Domingue K. Piyakis E. Sacher M. Di Renzo S. D nomm e T. H. Ellis 《The Journal of Adhesion》1993,40(2):151-162
The irreversibly bound interfacial layer deposited by the γ-aminopropysilanetriol adhesion promoter onto a crystalline silicon substrate, which remains even after profuse washing, was found by XPS to have resulted from the fragmentation and rearrangement of the original γ-aminopropylsilanetriol molecule. A mechanism is proposed, involving the homolytic scission of the terminal N-C bond. One of the subsequent reactions is believed to involve hydrogen loss by abstraction and the formation of a terminal vinyl group, which bonds to the substrate. Support for this mechanism is found in IR spectroscopy of this layer. 相似文献
73.
R. Gonzalez-Nunez B. D. Favis P. J. Carreau C. Lavalle 《Polymer Engineering and Science》1993,33(13):851-859
The morphology of the dispersed phase in immiscible polymer blends plays an important role in the determination of the final physical properties. This paper considers factors that influence the final state of deformation of the dispersed phase, and in particular, the formation of fibers and lamellae. Blends of polyethylene and nylon-6 were extruded by ribbon extrusion at different draw ratios. Prior to single-screw extrusion the materials were blended in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder, and the size of the dispersed phase was studied as a function of the viscosity ratio. As the blends are extruded into ribbons and drawn through the calender rolls, the morphology of the dispersed phase undergoes drastic transformations. The fiber formation is enhanced by increasing the draw ratio. At high draw ratios, long thin fibers are observed. Some biaxial deformation is obtained for the noncompatibilized systems when the extruded materials enter the calender with the maximum closing pressure applied to the rolls. The same effect is observed for the compatibilized systems with lower values of the viscosity ratio. As a general rule, it has been observed that the final dispersed phase deformation is diminished in interfacially compatibilized systems. 相似文献
74.
Jos O. Valderrama Jaime M. Martí nez Estrella R. Asp e Marlene D. Roeckel 《Chemical Engineering Communications》1986,44(1):331-346
An experimental study on mixing, degree of suspension and power consumption in solid-liquid suspensions was done. A system similar to those found in anaerobic fermentation processes of animal manures was used, and an existing mixing equipment was adapted for the study. Power consumption and degree of suspension for both mechanical mixing and mixing by gas was determined. The influence of variables such as geometry, solids concentration, stirrer velocity, and gas velocity was studied, discussed, and compared to data from the literature. Best results were obtained for gas mixing, the power consumption being about one fourth of that required by mechanical agitation. Finally, extended correlations relating Power and Reynolds numbers for mechanical mixing and mixing by gas are proposed. 相似文献
75.
76.
77.
This paper presents a decentralized observer with a consensus filter for the state observation of discrete-time linear distributed systems. Each agent in the distributed system has an observer with a model of the plant that utilizes the set of locally available measurements, which may not make the full plant state detectable. This lack of detectability is overcome by utilizing a consensus filter that blends the state estimate of each agent with its neighbors’ estimates. It is proven that the state estimates of the proposed observer exponentially converge to the actual plant states under arbitrarily changing, but connected, communication and pseudo-connected sensing graph topologies. Except these connectivity properties, full knowledge of the sensing and communication graphs is not needed at the design time. As a byproduct, we obtained a result on the location of eigenvalues, i.e., the spectrum, of the Laplacian for a family of graphs with self-loops. 相似文献
78.
HAADF-STEM studies have provided detailed morphological insight regarding MoS2, WS2, Co–Mo–S, Ni–Mo–S and Ni–W–S nanostructures in graphite-supported catalysts. It is found that the technique allows the catalytically active edges to be imaged even for single layer metal sulfide structures. Unpromoted MoS2 and WS2 are predominantly present as slightly truncated triangular clusters containing only a single S–M–S layer (M = Mo, W). The addition of promoter atoms results in more heavy truncations consistent with the expected tendency for the Co–Mo–S structures to expose promoted S-type edges at the expense of unpromoted Mo-type edges. However, the HAADF-STEM (High-Angle Annular Dark-field Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy) results show for the first time that Co–Mo–S and Ni–W–S may also expose extended high index truncations. 相似文献
79.
害虫抗药性治理策略-多位点杀虫毒素的研究 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
害虫对杀虫剂产生抗药性,降低了农药使用效率,增大了农药用量,污染了环境。害虫抗药性可分为单一抗性、多重抗性、交互抗性。害虫抗药性由遗传因素、生态因素和操作因素决定,3种因素作用不当都能引起害虫抗性的发生。农药有效成分作用于害虫的特定位点,害虫对农药抗药性就是克服农药位点作用,使之失效、钝化,保持农药作用位点敏感性是减缓害虫抗药性的有效方法。每一种农药对害虫都有一个主要作用位点,每一种害虫郜存在多个农药作用位点。多位点杀虫毒素的研究是克服害虫抗药性的有效途径。将B.t.的杀虫毒素进行酶切改造,形成带末端氨基的原毒素,将阿维菌素的羟基进行激活、衍生化,形成带羧基的杀虫毒素衍生物,最后利用氨基-羧基偶联剂(EDC)进行藕合,实现两种生物毒素的结构改造和生化结合。BtA解决了生物农药杀虫谱窄和杀虫速率慢的弱点。 相似文献
80.
Elisée Ouédraogo Leo Stroosnijder Abdoulaye Mando Lijbert Brussaard Robert Zougmoré 《Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems》2007,77(3):245-256
A field experiment was conducted in Gampela (Burkina Faso) in 2000 and 2001 to assess the impact of organic and mineral sources
of nutrients and combinations thereof in optimising crop production in till and no-till systems and to assess the economic
benefit of these options. The study showed that under conditions of rainfall deficiency, the use of a single organic resource
at an equivalent dose of 40 kg N ha−1 better secured crop yield than the application of an equivalent amount as urea-N, while a combination of organic resources
and fertiliser was better in increasing crop yield than the application of the same N amount in the form of urea. In a year
of rainfall deficiency, a mix of organic resources and fertiliser in both till and no-till systems increased crop water use
efficiency, with the result that the farmer was able to purchase only half of the normal quantity of N fertiliser to obtain
a higher yield that he would have done when all of the N was supplied in the form of urea. Under conditions where soil N is
deficient, an economic benefit was achieved when urea was combined with easily decomposable organic material (e.g. sheep dung);
mixing the urea at a dose of 40 kg N ha−1 with maize straw was not sufficient in alleviating the negative interaction due to the enhanced N immobilisation. The results
demonstrate that the use of N fertiliser alone was risky and that a higher yield, with the accompanying economic benefit,
was scarcely achieved under the prevailing rainfall conditions. The application of soil and water conservation measures can
contribute greatly to increasing the economic benefit of mineral, organic or combined organic and mineral-derived nutrient
application under semi-arid conditions. 相似文献