红外辐射联合回火与冷激杀菌技术对胡萝卜粉品质的影响

首先研究不同红外辐射温度(100,110,120℃)及辐射时间(2.5,5,10 min)对胡萝卜粉微生物及品质的影响,然后根据栅栏效应原理研究红外辐射-回火、红外辐射-冷激联合杀菌对胡萝卜粉微生物、色调值、类胡萝卜素含量等品质的影响。结果表明:100℃、10 min的红外辐射处理使细菌和真菌分别降低了1.9 lg(CFU/g)和2.32 lg(CFU/g),110℃、5 min的红外辐射处使细菌和真菌分别降低了1.58 lg(CFU/g)和2.57 lg(CFU/g)。在上述两种处理条件下胡萝卜粉的水分活度从0.238分别降至0.123和0.147,胡萝卜粉中总类胡萝卜素含量从308.8μg/g降至227.8μg/g和238.8μg/g,色差值(ΔE)为9.11和7.89。与红外辐射单独作用相比,联合回火后的处理没有显著影响细菌数目,处理后保持在5.40~5.80 CFU/g,霉菌、酵母数却在处理过程中显著减少,然而减少量较低,总数仍不低于4.5 lg(CFU/g)。红外辐射-冷激联合处理相比红外辐射单独处理,100℃、10 min联合冷激7 d处理可将细菌数量降低0.25 lg(CFU/g),可将霉菌与酵母数量降低0.28 lg(CFU/g),110℃、5 min联合冷激7 d处可将细菌数量降低0.26 lg(CFU/g),可将霉菌、酵母数量降低0.40 lg(CFU/g),且这些处理下胡萝卜粉的色调值、水分活度、类胡萝卜素含量变化不显著。本试验结果表明,红外辐射-冷激处理具有协同效应,且处理过程中胡萝卜粉的色调值及总类胡萝卜素含量不受影响,这为低水分粉体食品红外辐射联合杀菌提供了参考。     

Impaired hepatic autophagic activity in dairy cows with severe fatty liver is associated with inflammation and reduced liver function

The ability of liver to respond to changes in nutrient availability is essential for the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. Autophagy encompasses mechanisms of cell survival, including capturing, degrading, and recycling of intracellular proteins and organelles in lysosomes. During negative nutrient status, autophagy provides substrates to sustain cellular metabolism and hence, tissue function. Severe negative energy balance in dairy cows is associated with fatty liver. The aim of this study was to investigate the hepatic autophagy status in dairy cows with severe fatty liver and to determine associations with biomarkers of liver function and inflammation. Liver and blood samples were collected from multiparous cows diagnosed as clinically healthy (n = 15) or with severe fatty liver (n = 15) at 3 to 9 d in milk. Liver tissue was biopsied by needle puncture, and serum samples were collected on 3 consecutive days via jugular venipuncture. Concentrations of free fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate were greater in cows with severe fatty liver. Milk production, dry matter intake, and concentration of glucose were all lower in cows with severe fatty liver. Activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and γ-glutamyl transferase were all greater in cows with severe fatty liver. Serum concentrations of haptoglobin and serum amyloid A were also markedly greater in cows with severe fatty liver. The mRNA expression of autophagosome formation-related gene ULK1 was lower in the liver of dairy cows with severe fatty liver. However, the expression of other autophagosome formation-related genes, beclin 1 (BECN1), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3 (PIK3C3), autophagy-related gene (ATG) 3, ATG5, and ATG12, did not differ. More important, ubiquitinated proteins, protein expression of sequestosome-1 (SQSTM1, also called p62), and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (MAP1LC3, also called LC3)-II was greater in cows with severe fatty liver. Transmission electron microscopy revealed an increased number of autophagosomes in the liver of dairy cows with severe fatty liver. Taken together, these results indicate that excessive lipid infiltration of the liver impairs autophagic activity that may lead to cellular damage and inflammation.     

Sorption and displacement of pyrene in soils and sediments

Sorption isotherms of pyrene on soils and sediments were examined to understand its sorption behavior. All systems examined exhibited nonlinear sorption. Sorption nonlinearity was found to be a function of the polarity index of soil/sediment organic matter (SOM), suggesting that the degree of condensation of SOM, characterized by its polarity index, was correlated with the sorption behavior of pyrene. The polarity index of SOM could be a new factor for explaining the sorption nonlinearity. The sorption affinity of two soils and two sediments for pyrene increased with decreasing SOM polarity. A higher sorption affinity in the two soils was associated with a higher degree of condensation of SOM compared to that of the two sediments. A displacement test was performed after pyrene sorption using phenanthrene as a displacer. Pyrene was displaced in all systems examined, and nonlinearity became less pronounced after displacement. Such an increase in isotherm linearity implied that sorption site energies became more homogeneous after displacement. Furthermore, the site energy distribution IE*) derived from the Freundlich model parameters showed that energy reduction of high-energy sites was more significant than that of low-energy sites after displacement. In addition, a decrease in sorption capacity after displacement could be ascribed to the partial depletion of sorption sites by the displacer. The displacement data indicated that the cocontaminant can have potential effects on the fate and bioavailability of anthropogenic organic pollutants sorbed in soils and sediments, thus affecting their exposure risks.     

纳米氧化镁的制备

研究了制备纳米氧化镁的方法。以碳酸铵和氯化镁为主要原料,加入有机表面活性剂,经过反应、过滤、水洗、醇洗、干燥和灼烧制得纳米氧化镁。经堆积密度、比表面积、孔容积、粒径及透射电镜的测定,试验样品的粒子大小均在10 nm左右。试验结果证明,试验工艺路线及测定方法均适合纳米氧化镁制备。主要原料碳酸铵和氯化镁来源广泛,价格低廉,对纳米氧化镁的工业生产具有重要的意义。     

黑莓发酵白兰地原料酒研究

以黑莓为原料,研究黑莓白兰地原料酒发酵工艺。从4种酵母中筛选出AWRI 796酵母作为黑莓白兰地原料酒发酵用酵母,其起酵时间短,发酵平稳、彻底且产酒率高,原料酒香气协调,黑莓酒发酵香气典型。通过正交试验优化发酵工艺参数,当发酵温度为14℃,酵母接种量为0.40g/L,发酵液中(NH4)2HPO4添加量为0.5g/L时黑莓白兰地原料酒中甲醇和杂醇油含量最低,分别为422.62mg/L,130.54mg/L。     

旧报纸碳基气凝胶的制备及其吸附性能的研究

将富含纤维素的旧报纸先进行润胀、打浆,然后冷冻干燥,得到旧报纸气凝胶（WNA）,利用高温热分解的方式处理WNA制得旧报纸碳基气凝胶（CA）。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）对CA的性能进行表征。结果表明,CA的密度（0.0348 g/cm³）较低,动态接触角为129.8°,表明CA的疏水性能优异。FT-IR结果表明,与WNA相比,CA中羟基、烷基及糖苷键等官能团含量减少。SEM分析表明,CA的纤维宽度在8～10 μm范围内,其具有连续纳米多孔三维网络结构。XRD分析表明,纤维素的结晶区受到破坏,导致无定形碳的形成。CA能高效、快速地吸附有机溶剂和石油化工产品,吸附量可达自身质量的21～37倍。利用燃烧的方法可将吸附的物质从CA中分离出来并对CA进行回收。经过6个吸附/燃烧循环过程,CA对甲醇和硅油的吸附能力分别是原吸附能力的83.9%和86.4%,表明CA可实现多次循环利用。     

超高压协同β-环糊精渗入对米饭回生的抑制

文中探究了超高压协同β-环糊精的渗入对方便米饭回生的影响。在粳米浸泡液中添加2%β-环糊精/羟丙基-β-环糊精,在60℃常压浸泡30 min,接着在40℃,500 MPa下浸泡20 min,最后蒸煮并焖饭制成米饭。通过差示扫描量热(DSC)、热重分析(TG)和X-射线衍射(XRD)研究新工艺对方便米饭在4℃贮存过程中的回生影响。新工艺米饭在4℃贮藏35d,其回生焓值比常压对照组降低了3.10 J/g,结晶度降低了7%。结果表明:新工艺显著延缓了米饭的回生进程,改善了米饭的贮存性。超高压协同添加β-环糊精的工艺为提高方便米饭食用品质提供了有效途径。     

副溶血弧菌胶体金检测试纸条的改进

研制一种快速、灵敏、简便的胶体金免疫试纸条,用于改进副溶血弧菌的检测。通过胶体金与特异性针对于副溶血弧菌的单抗偶联,同时在NC膜上包被兔多抗、驴抗鼠的IgG分别作为检测线和质控线,制备免疫层系试纸条,测定试纸条的灵敏性与特异性。结果表明,当加入由胶体金标记的羊抗鼠二抗,能将显色强度提高5倍,明显有利于肉眼的观察。在纯培养物中试纸条的灵敏度为106CFU/mL,且与3株不同的副溶血弧菌均有阳性反应,与26株常见的菌均无交叉反应。同时在添加阪崎肠杆菌、志贺氏菌的鱼肉样本中,检测限为107CFU/mL。改良的副溶血弧菌胶体金免疫层系试纸条的建立,有助于加强食品中该菌的检测,提供了一种快速、灵敏、简便的方法。     

弹力汗布的开发与生产

介绍在TC-SB3型4针道单面圆机上开发弹力汗布的生产工艺,包括设备参数、原料、编织工艺以及导纱器和卷布辊落布箱等机构的改装方法。详细说明该织物在编织生产时应注意的问题。