Characterization of Class V DyP-Type Peroxidase SaDyP1 from Streptomyces avermitilis and Evaluation of SaDyPs Expression in Mycelium

DyP-type peroxidases are a family of heme peroxidases named for their ability to degrade persistent anthraquinone dyes. DyP-type peroxidases are subclassified into three classes: classes P, I and V. Based on its genome sequence, Streptomyces avermitilis, eubacteria, has two genes presumed to encode class V DyP-type peroxidases and two class I genes. We have previously shown that ectopically expressed SaDyP2, a member of class V, indeed has the characteristics of a DyP-type peroxidase. In this study, we analyzed SaDyP1, a member of the same class V as SaDyP2. SaDyP1 showed high amino acid sequence identity to SaDyP2, retaining a conserved GXXDG motif and catalytic aspartate. SaDyP1 degraded anthraquinone dyes, which are specific substrates of DyP-type peroxidases but not azo dyes. In addition to such substrate specificity, SaDyP1 showed other features of DyP-type peroxidases, such as low optimal pH. Furthermore, immunoblotting using an anti-SaDyP2 polyclonal antibody revealed that SaDyP1 and/or SaDyP2 is expressed in mycelia of wild-type S. avermitilis.     

DyP-Type Peroxidases: Recent Advances and Perspectives

In this review, we chart the major milestones in the research progress on the DyP-type peroxidase family over the past decade. Though mainly distributed among bacteria and fungi, this family actually exhibits more widespread diversity. Advanced tertiary structural analyses have revealed common and different features among members of this family. Notably, the catalytic cycle for the peroxidase activity of DyP-type peroxidases appears to be different from that of other ubiquitous heme peroxidases. DyP-type peroxidases have also been reported to possess activities in addition to peroxidase function, including hydrolase or oxidase activity. They also show various cellular distributions, functioning not only inside cells but also outside of cells. Some are also cargo proteins of encapsulin. Unique, noteworthy functions include a key role in life-cycle switching in Streptomyces and the operation of an iron transport system in Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. We also present several probable physiological roles of DyP-type peroxidases that reflect the widespread distribution and function of these enzymes. Lignin degradation is the most common function attributed to DyP-type peroxidases, but their activity is not high compared with that of standard lignin-degrading enzymes. From an environmental standpoint, degradation of natural antifungal anthraquinone compounds is a specific focus of DyP-type peroxidase research. Considered in its totality, the DyP-type peroxidase family offers a rich source of diverse and attractive materials for research scientists.     

Synthesis of thermoresponsive block and graft copolymers via the combination of living cationic polymerization and RAFT polymerization using a vinyl ether-type RAFT agent

A novel vinyl ether-type RAFT agent, benzyl 2-(vinyloxy)ethyl carbonotrithioate (BVCT) was synthesized for various block copolymers via the combination of living cationic polymerization of vinyl ethers and reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The novel BVCT–trifluoroacetic acid adduct play an important role to produce well-defined block copolymers, which is both as a cationogen under EtAlCl₂ initiation system in the presence of ethyl acetate for living cationic polymerization and a RAFT agent for blocks by RAFT polymerization. The resulting polymer, poly(vinyl ether)s, by living cationic polymerization had a high number average α-end functionality (≥0.9) as determined by both ¹H NMR and MALDI-TOF-MS spectrometry. In addition, this poly(vinyl ether)s worked well as a macromolecular chain transfer agent for RAFT polymerization. The RAFT polymerization of radically polymerizable monomers was conducted in toluene using 2,2′-azobis(isobutyronitrile) at 70 °C. For example, a double thermoresponsive block copolymer (MOVE₆₁-b-NIPAM₁₅₀) consisting of 2-methoxyethyl vinyl ether (MOVE) and N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) was prepared via the combination of living cationic polymerization and RAFT polymerization. The block copolymer reversibly formed and deformed micellar assemblies above the phase separation temperature (T_ps) of poly(NIPAM) block in water. This BVCT is not only functioned as an initiator, but also acted as a monomer. When BVCT was copolymerized with MOVE by living cationic polymerization, followed by graft copolymerization with NIPAM via RAFT polymerization, well-defined graft copolymers (MOVE_n-co-BVCT_m)-g-NIPAM_x (n = 62–73, m = 1–9, x = 19–214) were successfully obtained. However, no micelle formed in water above T_ps of poly(NIPAM) graft chain unlike the case of block copolymers.     

Simulation research on monomer agglomeration of nonmetallic inclusions in steel with a diffusion limited aggregation model

The monomer agglomeration of nonmetallic inclusions was simulated with a diffusion limited aggregation （DLA） model of the fractal theory. The simulation study with a random two-dimensional diffusion was carried out. The results indicate that the DLA model can be used for the simulation of agglomeration behavior of the cluster-type inclusions. The morphology of clusters was observed with SEM and compared with the simulated agglomerates. The modelling procedure of the DLA model is applicable for the agglomeration process. The uncertainty of agglomeration process and the persuasive average agglomerative ratio was analyzed. The factors about the agglomerative ratio with the collision path distance and the size of particles or seed were discussed. The adherence of the nonmetallic inclusions on the dam, the weir and the walls of a tundish, and the absorption of inclusions by stopper or nozzle were also discussed.     

不同掺杂对可加工陶瓷二次电子发射及沿面闪络特性的影响

固体绝缘材料的表面特性极大地影响着其真空沿面闪络特性,长期以来这一现象极大地制约着真空绝缘系统的整体性能,限制了高压电真空设备的发展进程.本文针对一种具有良好加工性能及表面耐电特性的低熔点可加工微晶玻璃陶瓷引入真空绝缘的背景,在不明显降低可加工性能的前提下,通过在可加工陶瓷原材料内掺杂不同的低二次电子发射系数金属氧化物...     

Agglomeration of particles by ac corona discharge

Improving the collection efficiency for particles smaller than 1 μm on every precipitator is important. We sought to improve the collection of these particles on an ESP due to particle agglomeration. Particles are charged by ac corona discharge in a precharger and agglomerated by a dc electric field in an agglomerator downstream of the precharger. Diesel exhaust particles were used as particulate matter for the experiments. The distribution of particle size was measured using a particle counter and a scanning electron microscope. By these methods, particles as small as 0.01 μm could be counted. Results showed the agglomeration between particles at ac corona discharge operating mode. The concentration of particles smaller than approximately 0.35 μm decreases, and that of particles larger than approximately 0.35 μm increases in the agglomerator. The agglomeration rate increases with increasing applied voltage, then saturates. These results may be due to the size distribution and to decrease of concentration by agglomeration. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 130(1): 30–37, 2000     

Super‐reflective color LCD with PDLC technology

Abstract— A novel reflective color LCD without polarizers has been developed using a PDLC film and a retro‐reflector. Bright color images including moving images are achievable with ambient light. This novel LCD will enable the new application area of electronic paper.     

Effect of molasses on the production and activity of dye-decolorizing peroxidase from Geotrichum candidum Dec1

The production of dye-decolorizing peroxidase (DyP) was investigated by cultivating Geotrichum candidum Dec1 using molasses as a carbon source. Molasses at concentrations greater than 10 g·l⁻¹ was found to increase the decolorization activity of the culture broth toward dye, reactive blue 5 mainly because the amount of enzyme produced was enhanced. However, complete inhibition of DyP activity by molasses was observed at the concentration of 20 g·l⁻¹, indicating that the inhibitory effect of molasses on the culture broth activity to decolorize the dye was involved. When the culture broth was diluted 25 times, the dye-decolorizing activity was 7 times as much as that of non-diluted culture broth. The molasses fractions separated by gel chromatography (300–400 ml and 400–500 ml fractions) completely inhibited the purified DyP. On the basis of these results, we propose a scheme to control both positive and negative effects of molasses on the dye decolorization process.     

An efficient contention resolution algorithm for input queuing atm cross-connect switches

This paper describes an efficient contention resolution algorithm and its distributed implementation for large capacity input queuing cross-connect switches, which will establish virtual paths in future broadband ATM networks. The algorithm dynamically allocates sending time to cells held in input queues when no contention is indicated in the designated output ports. An expression for the mean delay and the cell loss probability for random traffic are derived through an approximate analysis. Input cells are served on a first-come, first-served basis as conventional contention resolution algorithms whose throughput saturates at 58 per cent because of head of line blocking in input queues. The proposed algorithm achieves a maximum throughput of 76 per cent.