化工过程熵增指数及其在磷复肥清洁生产评价中的应用

从热力学第二定律出发, 指出清洁生产的热力学本质是控制物质由有序结构向无序转化并从中获取最大效益, 其优劣可由过程熵增反映。 引用复杂体系非平衡定态过程最小熵产生原理,推导出依据与外界交换的物流和热流信息定量计算化工复杂系统过程熵增的方法, 并定义过程熵增指数ζ 。 评价了化工过程对环境热力学状态的综合影响。选择以硫和以氨为载能原料的磷复肥工艺为例进行了计算和对比,其过程熵增指数分别为6.753和4.571,反映出载能原料硫作为废物排放对环境热力学状态产生更大的影响。     

桥梁健康监测中损伤特征提取的小波包方法

针对桥梁健康监测中结构损伤识别的特点,从模式识别的角度提出和分析了损伤特征提取问题.阐述了基于小波包分析的两种节点能量特征提取的方法.为了研究小波包系数节点能量和小波包信号成分节点能量对损伤信息进行特征提取的差异,通过对随机荷载激励下的连续梁进行数值模拟,得到了结构未损和损伤状态下的加速度时程信号.应用小波包变换,对不同结构状态下的加速度信号分别提取了两种小波包节点能量特征,并对它们作为结构损伤特征指标的敏感性进行了比较.认为两种特征指标的敏感性相差很小,而小波包系数节点能量特征指标的计算效率更高,更适合桥梁健康监测中损伤特征提取的要求.     

工程计价方式"双轨制"下的寻租博弈行为分析

由于渐进式改革形成的工程计价方式“双轨制”及市场的不完善性和无序性,为寻租行为的产生提供了环境。本文作者通过建立投资方、项目执行者、承包方三方之问的寻租博弈模型,求解混合策略纳什均衡解,根据均衡解分析在不同条件下三方的最优策略,并提出了防止寻租行为的对策。     

Optical properties and cooling performance analyses of single-layer radiative cooling coating with mixture of TiO2 particles and SiO2 particles

Radiative cooling can achieve cooling effect without consuming any energy by delivering energy into outer space(3K) through"atmospheric window"(8–13 μm). Conventional radiative cooling coating with multi-layer structure was severely restricted during application due to its complex preparation process and high cost. In this study, a single-layer radiative cooling coating with mixture of TiO_2 particles and SiO_2 particles was proposed. The algorithm for calculating the radiative properties of the multi-particle system was developed. Monte Carlo ray-tracing method combined with that algorithm was used to solve the radiative transfer equation(RTE) of the single-layer radiative cooling coating with mixture of TiO_2 particles and SiO_2 particles.The effects of particle diameter, volume fraction and coating thickness on radiative cooling performance were analyzed to obtain the best radiative cooling performance. The numerical results indicated that the average reflectivity of the single-layer radiative cooling coating with mixture of TiO_2 particles and SiO_2 particles in the solar spectrum can reach 95.6%, while and the average emissivity in the "atmospheric window" spectrum can reach 94.9% without additional silver-reflectance layer. The average reflectivity in the solar spectrum and average emissivity in the "atmospheric window" spectrum of the single-layer radiative cooling coating with mixture of TiO_2 particles and SiO_2 particles can increase 4.6% and 4.8% compared to the double-layer radiative cooling coating. This numerical research results can provide a theoretical guidance for design and optimization of single-layer radiative cooling coatings containing mixed nanoparticles.     

Challenges and recent progress in thermal management with heat pipes for lithium-ion power batteries in electric vehicles

Electric vehicles(EVs) are globally undergoing rapid developments, and have great potentials to replace the traditional vehicles based on fossil fuels. Power-type lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) have been widely used for EVs, owing to high power densities,good charge/discharge stability, and long cycle life. The driving ranges and acceleration performances are gaining increasing concerns from customers, which depend highly on the power level of LIBs. With the increase in power outputs, rising heat generation significantly affects the battery performances, and in particular operation safety. Meanwhile, the cold-start performance is still an intractable problem under extreme conditions. These challenges put forward higher requirements for a dedicated battery thermal management system(BTMS). Compared to traditional BTMSs in EVs, the heat pipe-based BTMS has great application prospects owing to its compact structure, flexibility, low cost, and especially high thermal conductivity. Encompassing this topic, this review first introduces heat generation phenomena and temperature characteristics of LIBs. Multiple abuse conditions and thermal runaway issues are described afterward. Typical cooling and preheating methods for designing a BTMS are also discussed. More emphasis on this review is put on the use of various heat pipes for BTMSs to enhance the thermal performances of LIBs. For lack of wide application in actual EVs, more efforts should be made to extend the use of heat pipes for constructing an energy-efficient, cost-effective, and reliable BTMS to improve the performances and safety of EVs.     

单箱双室连续箱梁桥荷载试验研究

结合某单箱双室预应力混凝土连续梁桥工程,介绍了该桥静力荷载试验的内容与方法,其中包括测点布置、荷载布置、加载制度以及试验结果与计算结果的对比分析等.通过静力荷载试验来测试桥跨结构强度、刚度,以检验桥跨结构在正常使用状态下的承载能力和结构变形是否符合设计要求.试验结果表明:该桥结构处于正常受力状态,结构刚度、强度均满足规范要求.     

基于人工神经网络的偏微分方程求解方法

针对各种微分方程传统的数值方法的求解中,传统的数值方法在求解微分方程时存在计算存储量、计算时间等都随着微分方程维数的增加而剧烈增长的问题,严重制约了高维问题的求解.提出一种求解偏微分方程的神经网络方法.通过数值算例说明,神经网络方法在求解微分方程问题上有高效率、很好地泛化等优点,为偏微分方程求解提供了一种有效的新途径.     

锂离子电池补锂技术

锂离子电池在化成过程中,负极SEI膜的形成会消耗大量活性锂,特别是在添加部分高容量硅基负极材料的情况下,导致电池首周库仑效率和电池容量低.补充活性锂是解决这一问题的有效手段,目前已报道的补充活性锂的途径很多,主要是负极补锂和正极极补锂两大类.负极补锂包括金属锂物理混合锂化,如在负极中添加金属锂粉或在极片表面辊压金属锂箔;化学锂化,使用丁基锂等锂化剂对负极进行化学预嵌锂;自放电锂化,负极与金属锂在电解液中接触完成自放电锂化;电化学预锂化,在电池中引入金属锂作为第三极,负极与金属锂第三极组成对电极充放电完成预锂化.正极补锂是向锂离子电池的正极中添加具有高不可逆容量的含锂化合物,根据化合物的种类不同,可以分为以Li2O、Li2O2、Li2S为代表的二元含锂化合物,以Li6CoO4、Li5FeO4为代表的三元含锂化合物和以Li2DHBN、Li2C2O4为代表的有机含锂化合物.补锂技术的应用不仅提高了锂离子电池的容量,还可以提升含硅负极电池的循环寿命.本文总结了补锂技术的发展状况和本课题组在补锂技术方面的一些工作,并展望了补锂技术在锂离子电池中的应用前景.     

沸石-液态水吸附储热系统的释热特性

吸附储热是一种有着较高储热密度和较低热损失的储热方式.沸石-液态水吸附储热系统以沸石颗粒作为储热介质,具有系统简单、换热性能好和储热密度大等优点.利用Fluent建立了反应器二维轴对称对流换热模型,分析了进水流速、反应器高径比和颗粒粒径对系统释热过程出口水温的影响.研究表明,在计算条件下,该系统能够获得最大70℃的温升幅度,且进口流速越小,温升幅度越大;高径比越大,温升幅度越大,当高径比≥1.5时,温升不再随高径比的增加而增大;此外,粒径越小,反应速率和温升幅度越大,也越有利于沸石与水的充分反应.本研究有助于完善固-液吸附过程释热特性,为沸石-液态水吸附储热系统的设计和应用提供理论指导.     

污染土壤原位修复知识图谱分析

污染土壤原位修复技术对污染土壤扰动小、修复成本低、操作维护简单,已成为修复领域的研究热点.在Web of Science数据库检索到1991年至2020年近30年污染土壤原位修复领域的期刊论文共计2180篇,并对其文献类型、文献语种、来源国家、来源机构、学科、来源期刊、关键词进行统计分析.结果表明:美国在该领域的研究起步最早,文章影响力最高,中国在该领域的起步较晚但发展快,截至2020年是发文量最多的国家(595篇),研究机构中中国科学院发文量最多(130篇).污染土壤原位修复领域涉及多个学科,其中67.7％的文章属于Environmental Sciences学科.发文量最多的期刊是英国的Chemosphere,污染土壤原位修复领域关于污染物研究热点包括柴油、重金属、多环芳烃等,原位修复技术的研究热点包括化学氧化技术、化学氧化药剂筛选、生物修复技术、表面活性剂等.