Prevalence,genetic characterization and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from fresh pork sausages in Porto Alegre,Brazil

A total of 336 samples of fresh pork sausage randomly obtained from supermarkets and butcher shops in Porto Alegre, Brazil, were examined for the presence of Salmonella serovars. Salmonella enterica was detected in 82 (24.4%) of the samples, with a most probable number count ranging from 0.03 MPN g^?1 to 460 MPN g^?1. Strains belonging to the most isolated S. enterica serovars (Brandenburg, Panama, Derby and Typhimurium) were further characterized by XbaI-macrorestriction, resulting in a total of 17 profiles. Resistance to tetracycline was the most prevalent among the Salmonella isolates. S. panama and S. typhimurium presented the greatest number of resistance phenotypes.     

Trennung der Kohlenhydrate durch Reinhefen

Ohne ZusammenfassungVergl. P. Hörmann, Trennung der Kohlenhydrate durch Reinhefen. Inaug.-Dissertation. Münster i. W. 1906.     

Influence of gender on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs

Historically, women, the elderly, and minorities were underrepresented in clinical drug trials. Information on possible gender-related differences in the pharmacokinetics of drugs is often lacking, although for some drugs significant differences could be demonstrated. In women, absorption, protein binding, volume of distribution, and metabolism of drugs may differ due to hormonal influences on physiological functions. Sex-related differences could be shown for phase I (cytochrome P450) as well as phase II (especially glucuronidation) reactions. Since many women world-wide take oral contraceptives, data should be provided to determine to what extent other drugs are influenced by estrogens and progestogens or to what extent the other drugs may attenuate the contraceptive efficacy. Moreover, estrogens interact with various enzymes and receptors, e.g. at the endothelial function as well as dopaminergic receptor sites, and may therefore attenuate or enhance drug effects or even drug side-effects. For a number of drugs it is well recognized, that women suffer more frequently from side-effects, however, it is often not clear, if this is due to gender differences in the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of the responsible drug. Very little is known about these gender-related differences and the possibility that women may show a different pattern of treatment response than men. As a result, drug approval authorities now require more data on the pharmacokinetics of novel drugs in women as well as a sufficient accrual of women in efficacy and outcome trials.     

Extended defect related energy loss in CVD diamond revealed by spectrum imaging in a dedicated STEM

This article aims at investigations of the low EEL region in the wide band gap system diamond. The advent of the UHV Enfina electron energy loss spectrometer combined with Digital Micrograph acquisition and processing software has made reliable detection of absorption losses below 10 eV possible. Incorporated into a dedicated STEM this instrumentation allows the acquisition of spectral information via spectrum maps (spectrum imaging) of sample areas hundreds of nanometers across, with nanometers pixel sizes, adequate spectrum statistics and 0.3 eV energy resolution, in direct correlation with microstructural features in the mapping area. We aim at discerning defect related losses at band gap energies, and discuss different routes to simultaneously process and analyse the spectra in a map. This involves extracting the zero loss peak from each spectrum and constructing ratio maps from the intensities in two energy windows, one defect related and one at a higher, crystal bandstructure dominated energy. This was applied to the residual spectrum maps and their first derivatives. Secondly, guided by theoretical EEL spectra calculations, the low loss spectra were fitted by a series of gaussian distributions. Pixel maps were constructed from amplitude ratios of gaussians, situated in the defect and the unaffected energy regime. The results demonstrate the existence of sp2-bonded carbon in the vicinity of stacking faults and partial dislocations in CVD diamond as well as additional states below conduction band, tailing deep into the band gap, at a node in a perfect dislocation. Calculated EEL spectra of shuffle dislocations give similar absorption features at 5-8 eV, and it is thought that this common feature is due to sp2-type bonding.     

Allgemeine Untersuchingsverfahren und Labroatoriumstechnik

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Kinetik der Austauschreaktion zwischen Ferrit und Carbid und ihr Einfluß auf die mechanischen Eigenschaften der Stähle

Ablauf der Mangan-Austauschreaktion beim Anlassen von Martensit. Feststellung des kinetischen Zustandes durch Carbid-Isolierung. Abhängigkeit der Festigkeits- und Zähigkeitseigenschaften vom kinetischen Zustand. Ermittlung der Carbidoberfläche und Berechnung des Diffusionskoeffizienten.     

The influence of an arterial and venous air embolism on the hearing level in laboratory mini pigs

During a previous study, we noted that the distension and strain of the femoral artery were relatively low when the bladder was full, a situation normally necessary for transabdominal echography. Therefore, in the present study we investigated the influence of bladder filling, if any, on wall properties of the common femoral artery. The results obtained were compared with those obtained in the common carotid artery. The study was performed on the right common carotid and right common femoral arteries of normotensive young (18-35 y) female volunteers (n = 24). Using a specially designed ultrasonic wall-tracking device and automatic brachial artery cuff blood pressure measurements, arterial distension (absolute change in diameter during the cardiac cycle; deltaD), strain (deltaD/D), and cross-sectional distensibility (DC) and compliance (CC) were determined before and after voiding. Distension and strain of the common femoral artery were significantly lower for a full than for an empty bladder. DC and CC were lower when the bladder was filled, but these differences did not reach the level of significance. Blood pressure as measured at the level of the brachial artery and heart rate were not statistically significantly different during a full or an empty bladder. It is concluded that bladder filling affects femoral artery wall properties, an observation that should be kept in mind when performing studies on artery wall properties at this level of the circulation.     

Untersuchungen zur Kinetik der Entschwefelung kohlenstoffgesättigten Eisens durch schwachbasische synthetische Hochofenschlacken bei gleichzeitiger Oxidation des Schwefels aus der Schlacke

Grundsätzliche Betrachtungen und experimentelle Untersuchungen bei 1400°C zur Kinetik des Schwefelüberganges aus kohlenstoffgesättigtem Eisen über die schwachbasische hochofenartige Schlacke in das stark oxidierende Gas mit den beiden Entschwefelungsreaktionen an der Phasengrenze Eisen–Schlacke unter reduzierenden Bedingungen und an der Phasengrenze Schlacke–Gas unter oxidierenden. Erklärung der verschiedenen Versuchsergebnisse mit der Modellvorstellung von zwei in der Schlackenschicht getrennten Reaktionsflächen.     

Die Einflüsse der Schmelzenzusammensetzungen,der Temperaturgradienten an der Erstarrungsfront und der Erstarrungsgeschwindigkeit auf die Stabilität der ebenen Phasengrenze gerichtet erstarrender Legierungen

Erörterung der im Schrifttum aufgeführten Stabilitätskriterien für eine ebene Phasengrenze bei einer gerichteten Erstarrung von Metallschmelzen. Metallographische Untersuchung über den Einfluß der Erstarrungsgeschwindigkeit und des Temperaturgradienten in der Schmelze auf die Morphologie der Erstarrungsfront bei Kristallziehversuchen nach dem Czochralski-Verfahren und bei der Kristallisation von Schmelzen nach dem Bridgeman-Verfahren an Kupfer-Mangan-Nickel-Legierungen. Aussagen über die Stabilitätsbedingungen einer ebenen Phasengrenze bei Vorliegen kleiner und sehr großer Temperaturgradienten an der Erstarrungsfront.     

Metallurgische Veränderungen unter der Stahloberfläche unlegierter Stähle bei der Verzunderung

Glühen eines unlegierten Stahles oberhalb von 900°C in Sauerstoff. Metallographische Untersuchungen des Zunders und des Stahles sowie metallischer oder nichtmetallischer Ausscheidungen. Verteilung der Legierungselemente nach dem oxydierenden Glühen auf Zunder und Stahl. Elektronenstrahlmikrosondenuntersuchungen von metallischen und nichtmetallischen Ausscheidungen. Schmelzversuche synthetischer Schlacken im Eisentiegel. Folgerungen für die betriebliche Warmverformung.