造纸过程“三环节”能量系统及诊断案例分析

本文介绍了造纸厂的能量系统“三环节”能量模型的建立方法,阐述了基于此方法的造纸过程能量系统分析诊断步骤,并以一具体的造纸厂为对象进行了案例分析,对其能量系统的转换和传输环节、利用环节和回收环节的用能问题进行了研究,提出了解决方案。结果表明,用此技术能够有效地为造纸厂能量系统进行诊断,并能节约能源,创造经济效益。     

Evaluation of the quality of deep frying oils with Fourier transform near-infrared and mid-infrared spectroscopy

Deep frying oils are subjected to high temperature and prolonged heating that may lead to a series of quality and safety problems for fried foods. This study evaluated the quality of deep frying oils collected from a local college canteen (n = 132) with Fourier transform mid-infrared (FT-IR) and Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy. Partial least squares (PLS) regression was used to correlate spectral data with free fatty acids (FFA) and peroxide (PO) values of frying oils. The coefficient of determination (R(2)), standard error of prediction (SEP), and the RPD (ratio of the standard deviation of data set to the SEP) were used as indicators for the predictability of the PLS models. The FT-IR and FT-NIR methods exhibited similar predictability for the FFA values (FT-IR: R(2) = 0.954, SEP = 0.14, RPD = 4.48; FT-NIR: R(2) = 0.948, SEP = 0.14, RPD = 4.38). Although the predictability of the FT-IR method for the PO values was not as satisfactory as that of the FT-NIR method (FT-IR: R(2) = 0.893, SEP = 6.17, RPD = 2.93; FT-NIR: R(2) = 0.953, SEP = 4.15, RPD = 4.36), both FT-IR and FT-NIR methods could be used as simple and rapid approaches to determining the quality of deep frying oils.     

安石榴苷与焦磷酸钠对肌原纤维蛋白氧化稳定性及凝胶性能的影响

研究添加安石榴苷、焦磷酸钠（sodium pyrophosphate,SPP）及其组合（P＋SPP）对肌原纤维蛋白（myofibrillar protein,MP）氧化稳定性和凝胶性能的影响。结果表明,安石榴苷和SPP添加均能有效抑制氧化诱导的蛋白羰基含量上升及自由氨基含量下降,且P＋SPP组合添加效果最佳;但所有添加剂均无法有效抑制氧化诱导的巯基含量降低。添加安石榴苷促进了氧化诱导的蛋白结构展开、显著抑制了蛋白粒径增大（抑制率为10.50%）,对于蛋白溶解度和热诱导凝胶过程中的流变学特性无显著影响,但明显降低了氧化MP凝胶的蒸煮损失和质构劣变。SPP添加同样促进了蛋白结构展开、抑制了蛋白粒径增大（抑制率为17.65%）、提高了氧化MP的溶解度（提高了9.78%）,显著改变了热诱导凝胶过程中MP的流变学行为,致使热诱导凝胶的蒸煮损失降低了42.56%,但明显降低了凝胶强度等质构指标。P＋SPP对MP凝胶性能的影响整体与SPP单独添加类似。因此,本研究抗氧化剂使用显著提高了MP的氧化稳定性及凝胶持水性,但凝胶的质构特性与抗氧化剂的种类密切相关。     

臭氧处理对冬枣贮藏品质的影响

为探究臭氧处理对冬枣贮藏品质变化的影响,以白熟期的山东沾化冬枣为材料,探讨（0.00±0.50）℃贮藏条件下,不同臭氧浓度（0、2.14、10.72、21.44 mg/m3）对冬枣贮藏品质的影响。结果显示：臭氧处理能减缓冬枣果实硬度的下降,维持较高的可溶性固形物含量,降低超氧阴离子产生速率和过氧化氢含量以及丙二醛的含量,促进抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（ascorbate peroxidase,APX）和过氧化物酶（peroxidase,POD）的活性,通过对比不同处理组的冬枣品质变化趋势,发现T1 处理组保鲜效果较好,以上结果表明适宜浓度臭氧处理可延缓贮藏期冬枣的成熟衰老,维持果实具有较高的品质和营养价值。     

大豆蛋白水解液脱苦的研究

大豆蛋白酶解常常会产生苦味,蛋白质水解物苦味肽的苦味是长期困扰其应用的问题。本文研究了酶法与微生物法对大豆蛋白水解液脱苦的效果。结果表明:采用端肽酶黑曲霉酸性蛋白酶(3000u/g)与内切酶枯草杆菌碱性蛋白酶(Alcalase 2.4L)协同作用水解大豆蛋白可有效降低水解液苦味,并且由酿酒酵母对水解液进一步处理后,大豆蛋白水解液的苦味降至更低。     

Performance of different fermentation methods and the effect of their duration on the quality of raw cocoa beans

This study aims to compare the effect of three cocoa fermentation methods and their duration on raw cocoa quality. Results showed a decrease in percentage of physical quality defects on fermentation method. Cocoa fermented for 4 days presented higher percentage of purple beans reached 45% and about 10% of slaty beans than cocoa fermented for 6 days whatever the process. Fermentation duration did not influence the mouldy beans that were around 1%. Formation of brown beans increased from 16% to 50% depending on the fermentation duration and process. Using wooden boxes allowed higher percentage of 77%–90% brown beans than others materials. Acidity of cocoa decreased on fermentation duration but beans treated in boxes were significantly (P = 0.05) acidic from 1.40 and 3.07 meq of NaOH g^?1. Fungal population did not vary in number depending both on the duration and the fermentation method with rates that ranged from 3.32 × 10⁷ to 8.63 × 10⁷ CFU g^?1.     

A combination of near-infrared hyperspectral imaging with two-dimensional correlation analysis for monitoring the content of biogenic amines in mutton

The study investigated the feasibility of using a combination of near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI) with two-dimensional correlation (2DCOS) analysis for rapid and non-destructive determination of the content of biogenic amines in mutton during refrigerated storage. Total contents of biogenic amines (TBA) were used as the perturbation. By analysing the synchronous and asynchronous two-dimensional correlation spectra, sensitive variables that were closely related to TBA contents were obtained. The results showed that the wavelengths in the spectra range of 1002–1335 nm were the research area for the detection of TBA contents in mutton. The least-squares support vector machines (LSSVM) model based on effective wavelengths selected by competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) from 2DCOS analysis showed excellent results, with correlation coefficient in prediction (Rp) of 0.91, root mean square error in prediction (RMSEP) of 1.67 mg kg⁻¹ and the ratio of performance deviation (RPD) of 2.76. The research demonstrated that the combination of NIR-HSI and 2DCOS could be used as an effective method for monitoring the content of biogenic amines in mutton.