The impact of recrystallisation on the freeze-thaw cycles of red seabream (Pagrus major) fillets

Recrystallisation often occurs in the freeze-thaw cycles and results in poor food quality. This study was undertaken to analyse the effects of recrystallisation on the changes of protein conformation and moisture migration within red seabream fillets after the freeze-thaw cycles. The UV second-derivative spectroscopy, intrinsic fluorescence measurement and Raman spectroscopy were employed to evaluate the protein conformational changes. The Low-field NMR spectra analysis was used to evaluate moisture migration. The results indicated that the freeze-thaw cycles altered the secondary and tertiary structure of proteins. It was noticed that interactions between water and protein molecules were decreased gradually and eventually induced the thermal instability of the myosin molecules. The immobilised water content declined and the free water content increased. There were significant destructions in fillet muscle microstructure. These observations unambiguously reflect how the recrystallisations affect the protein conformation and moisture migration patterns of red seabream fillets during freeze-thaw cycles.     

A review of carbonates as hydrocarbon source rocks: basic geochemistry and oil–gas generation

Carbonates have been known to act as hydrocarbon source rocks, but their basic geochemical and associated hydrocarbon generation characteristics remain not well understood as they occur with argillaceous source rocks in most cases, and the hydrocarbon generation from each rock type is di cult to distinguish, forming one of puzzling issues within the field of petroleum geology and geochemistry. To improve the understanding of this critical issue, this paper reviews recent advances in this field and provides a summary of key areas that can be studied in future. Results show that carbonate source rocks are generally associated with high-salinity environments with low amounts of terrestrial inputs and low dissolved oxygen contents. Petrographically, these source rocks are dark gray or black, fine-grained, stratified, and contain bacterial and algal bioprecursors along with some other impurities. They generally have low organic matter contents, although these can vary significantly in di erent cases(e.g., the total organic carbon contents of marine and lacustrine carbonate source rocks in China are generally 0.1%–1.0% and 0.4%–4.0%, respectively). These rocks contain type I and type II kerogen, meaning there is a lack of vitrinites. This means that assessment of the maturity of the organic matter in these sediments needs to use non-traditional techniques rather than vitrinite reflectance. In terms of molecular geochemistry, carbonate source rocks have typical characteristics indicative of generally reducing and saline environments and lower organism-dominated bioprecursors of organic matter, e.g., high contents of sulfur compounds, low Pr/Ph ratios, and dominance of n-alkanes. Most of the carbonate source rocks are typically dominated by D-type organic facies in an oxidized shallow water mass, although high-quality source rocks generally contain A-and B-type organic facies in saline lacustrine and marine-reducing environments, respectively. The hydrocarbon generation model for the carbonate source rocks can involve early, middle, and late stages, with a diversity of hydrocarbons within these rocks, which can be aggregated, adsorbed, enclosed within minerals, or present as inclusions. This in turn implies that the large-scale hydrocarbon expulsion from these rocks is reliant on brittle deformation caused by external forces. Finally, a number of aspects of these source rocks remain unclear and need further study, including the e ectiveness of carbonates as hydrocarbon source rocks, bioprecursors, and hydrocarbon generation models of carbonate source rock, and the di erences between marine and lacustrine carbonate source rocks.     

Cleaning cycle optimization and cost evaluation of module dust for photovoltaic power plants in China

Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy - The photovoltaic (PV) power plants installed in the northwest and northeast areas of China have a serious dust pollution problem. In this paper, a...     

嗜水气单胞菌拮抗芽孢杆菌抗菌素相关基因分析

分别对抗鲟源嗜水气单胞菌的解淀粉芽孢杆菌G1的抗菌素相关基因进行PCR扩增与测序,并对其编码产物的氨基酸序列、跨膜螺旋信号、结构域与二级结构等进行预测与分析。结果表明:菌株G1仅含有伊枯草菌素合成必需基因,该基因与GenBank基因库中芽孢杆菌属其他细菌的伊枯草菌素A、杆菌抗霉素D、抗霉枯草菌素等伊枯草菌素家族基因自然聚类,与枯草芽孢杆菌MH25株和RB14株的伊枯草菌素A基因16S rRNA序列有98%的高度同源性,而且其编码产物的氨基酸序列与GenBank中芽孢杆菌属其他细菌的伊枯草菌素、伊枯草菌素A、脂肽类化合物Bacillorin、芽孢菌素D等抗菌物质的氨基酸序列有高度同源性,与枯草芽孢杆菌MH25的伊枯草菌素A合成酶B(GenBank登录号:ABY89499)的亲缘关系最近。此外,菌株G1伊枯草菌素合成必需基因的编码产物不具有明显的跨膜结构,但其结构域中存在AMP结合位点和PP结合位点,二级结构中存在α螺旋、伸展链、β转角和无规则卷曲。     

Fate modeling of phenanthrene with regional variation in Tianjin,China

A multimedia fate model with spatially resolved air and soil phases was developed and evaluated. The model was used for calculation of phenanthrene concentrations in air, water, soil, and sediment in Tianjin area and transport fluxes between the adjacent bulk phases under steady-state assumption. Both air and soil phases were divided into 3113 individual compartments of 4 km2 each to assess the spatial variation of phenanthrene concentrations and fluxes. Independently measured phenanthrene concentrations in air, water, and soil were used for model validation. The spatial variation in soil was validated using a set of measured phenanthrene concentrations of 188 surface soil samples collected from the area. Most data used either for model calculation or for model validation were collected during the last 5 years. As the results of the model validation, the calculated mean values for phenanthrene concentrations in various bulk phases are in fair agreement with those independently observed and are very close to those calculated using the model without spatial variation. The absolute difference between the calculated and the measured mean concentrations are 0.14, 0.48, and 0.13 log-units (mol/m3) for air, water, and soil, respectively. The spatial distribution patterns of phenanthrene in both air and soil were well modeled. Spatially, however, the model overestimated the soil phenanthrene level at low concentration range and underestimated it at high concentration range. The calculated distribution of phenanthrene in the air matches well with the emission from fossil fuel combustion, while the calculated distribution pattern in the soil is similar to that observed.     

锌铝合金镀层钢丝生产

对锌铝合金镀层钢丝国内外生产状况进行对比分析,介绍国内外锌铝合金镀层钢丝生产工艺和设备,提出Galfan(Zn5%AlRE)合金镀层钢丝是镀锌钢丝的更新换代产品。     

Computer simulation of temperature changes in a wheat storage bin

A mathematical model describing the transient temperature distribution of grain in a cylindrical storage bin with mixed boundaries is presented and solved using the finite element method. Using the typical meteorological data of a region such as temperate China, temperature changes of wheat in a storage bin are simulated and analysed in detail. Simulated results indicate that high temperature accumulation areas of the grain are in the bin centre and near the bin bottom or at the top surface of the grain throughout the whole year and ventilation under appropriate weather conditions is necessary. This method can be used to develop and evaluate aeration control strategy and reduce the need for chemical treatments of grain during storage.     

不饱和脂肪酸的氧化机理研究

本文主要研究了天然油脂衍生物脂肪酸-油酸，十八碳混合烯酸，芥酸，花烯酸的氧化及其机理，着重考查了这几种脂肪权在深度氧化条件下，其脂肪链结构对PV变化的影响；实验证明：脂肪酸可以深度氧化，天然油脂中的游离脂肪酸对氧化不存在明显的影响。有利于油脂的技术开发。