Paired electrooxidation IV. Decarboxylation of sodium gluconate to D-arabinose

A paired electrooxidative method has been developed to synthesize D-arabinose in a divided cell. D-arabinose is a material which has an important role in the production of vitamin B2 and DNA. Sodium gluconate was directly oxidized at the anode and indirectly oxidized in the catholyte by bubbling oxygen which was reduced to H₂O₂ and OH free radicals. In the catholyte, indirect oxidation of sodium gluconate was mediated by Fe³⁺ and OH free radicals. The optimal current efficiencies for D-arabinose production in the anolyte and catholyte were found to be 88.37% and 39.12%, respectively, and the total current efficiency of the paired electrooxidation was 127.49%. The paired electrosynthesis of D-arabinose is more economical in terms of power consumption than electrosynthesis that employ a single anode or cathode as the working electrode. The influence of cathodic/anodic CV and I/E curves, redox mediators and the amount of charge passed were also examined.     

Evaluation of two cooling systems under a firefighter coverall

Firemen often suffer from heat strain. This study investigated two chest cooling systems for use under a firefighting suit. In nine male subjects, a vest with water soaked cooling pads and a vest with water perfused tubes were compared to a control condition. Subjects performed 30 min walking and 10 min recovery in hot conditions, while physiological and perceptual parameters were measured. No differences were observed in heart rate and rectal temperature, but scapular skin temperature and fluid loss were lower using the perfused vest. Thermal sensation was cooler for the perfused vest than for the other conditions, while the cool pad vest felt initially cooler than control. However, comfort and RPE scores were similar. We conclude that the cooling effect of both tested systems, mainly providing a (temporally) cooler thermal sensation, was limited and did not meet the expectations.     

全生物降解PBS的扩链改性研究

采用新型扩链剂2,2′-双(2-噁唑啉)(BOZ)对聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)进行扩链,研究了BOZ加入量、稳定剂加入量、时间、温度对扩链反应的影响。结果表明,选择最佳条件,扩链后的PBS的相对分子质量较未扩链PBS的相对分子质量大为增加,而且扩链PBS相对分子质量分布与未扩链PBS基本一致,说明PBS扩链后的线性度与起始PBS相同,没有支化或交联反应发生。     

Effect of La/K A-site Substitutions on the Ordering of Ba(Zn1/3Ta2/3)O3

The 1/3 <111>-type ordering of Ba(Zn_1/3Ta_2/3)O₃ (BZT) can be transformed to 1/2 <111>–type ordering by substituting the La³⁺ cation into the A site. The 1/3 <111> ordering in BZT is shown to be reduced, discontinued, and then replaced by 1/2 <111> ordering, using X–ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. On the other hand, potassium–substituted BZT only displays a reduction in the degree of ordering.     

Damage Development and Moduli Reductions in Nicalon—Calcium Aluminosilicate Composites under Static Fatigue and Cyclic Fatigue

Unidirectional and cross-ply Nicalon fiber-reinforced calcium aluminosilicate (CAS) glass-ceramic composite specimens were subjected to tension–tension cyclic fatigue and static fatigue loadings. Microcrack densities, longitudinal Young's modulus, and major Poisson's ratio were measured at regular intervals of load cycles and load time. The matrix crack (0° plies) density and transverse crack (90° plies) density increased gradually with fatigue cycles and load time. The crack growth is environmentally driven and depends on the maximum load and time. Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio decreased gradually with fatigue cycles and load time. The saturation crack densities under fatigue loadings were found to be comparable to those under monotonic loading. A matrix crack growth limit strain exists, below which matrix cracks do not grow significantly under fatigue loading. This limit coincides with the matrix crack initiation strain. Linear correlations between crack density and moduli reductions obtained from quasi-static data can predict the moduli reductions under cyclic loading, using experimentally measured crack densities. A logarithmic correlation can predict the Young's modulus reduction in a limited stress range. A fatigue crack growth model is proposed to explain the presence of two distinct regimes of crack growth and Young's modulus reduction.     

Plastic deformation of ZnO thin films through edge and screw dislocation movements

Columnar wurtzite grains were formed in sputtered ZnO thin films deposited on a plastic polyethylene terephthalate substrate. Selected-area diffraction patterns reveal that the columnar grains in the sputtered films present two preferred growth planes, namely, the basal (0002) and prismatic (100) growth planes. The diffraction patterns obtained also confirm that the microstructure of sputtered indium tin oxide thin films is amorphous in nature. Tensile tests indicate that the fracture strain of the ZnO thin film occurs between 1.73% and 2.14%, while the fracture strain of the indium tin oxide thin film occurs between 0.24% and 0.67%. Thus, the fracture toughness of the sputtered ZnO thin film is greater than that of the sputtered indium tin oxide thin film. High-resolution transmission electron microscopic images demonstrate that edge and screw dislocations could be identified in the sputtered ZnO thin films. Moreover, edge and screw dislocation movements may, respectively, be observed in the basal- and prismatic-oriented ZnO columnar grains of the sputtered ZnO thin films. Our results indicate that movements of the edge and screw dislocations in the basal- and prismatic-oriented ZnO columnar grains account for the plastic deformation of the investigated ZnO thin films under tensile stress.     

裂解汽油加氢装置二段反应器缺陷分析

对中国石油吉林石化公司300 kt/a乙烯装置汽油加氢二段反应器接管与筒体焊接接头的缺陷进行详细分析。阐明了缺陷的产生是由于在焊接过程中焊缝熔合区内形成马氏体、增碳层并伴有δ-铁素体的分解而使熔合区内及焊缝处的材质脆化。由于选用焊接材料的错误,产生较高的焊接残余应力致使焊缝开裂。分析了焊缝马氏体、增碳层及δ-铁素体分解的原因。     

A new model for evaluating the electrical conductivity of nonferrous slag

Electrical conductivity of molten slag is an important physicochemical property for designing the refining process in electric smelting furnaces.Though conductivities of many slag systems have been measured,the quantitative relationships of conductivity with slag composition and temperature are still very limited.In this article,the Arrhenius law was used to describe the experimental data of conductivities for CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2,CaO-Al2O3-SiO2,CaO-MnO-Al2O3-SiO2,as well as CaO-MgO-MnO-Al2O3-SiO2 systems,and...     

Cation interdiffusion between thick film of YBa2Cu3O7-δ and ceramic substrate

Thick films of superconducting oxides, YBa₂Cu₃O_7-, were successfully made by conventional screen-printing technology on Al₂O₃, MgO, and ZrO₂ substrates. Interdiffusion between the superconductive film and substrate was investigated using analytical electron microscopy. The results indicate that MgO and ZrO₂ are superior to Al₂O₃ for substrate materials.     

A STUDY OF THE STRESS CORROSION CRACKING OF SENSITIZED 1Cr18Ni9Ti STAINLESS STEEL IN HIGH TEMPERATURE HIGH PRESSURE WATER

从环境角度研究了敏化1Cr18Ni9Ti不锈钢在高温水中的腐蚀行为.研究指出,在一定浓度Cl~-和(或)O_2存在情况下,在酸性和中性高温高压水中都会出现应力腐蚀破裂.断口电子金相表明,在氯离子为主的环境中,破裂系晶间型;在氧为主的环境中,破裂系以解理为主的混合型.给出了1Cr18Ni9Ti在高温水中腐蚀的表观和真实动力学曲线,表明腐蚀包含溶解和湿氧化两部分,而以湿氧化为主.借Mossbauer内转换电子谱研究了氧化膜结构与腐蚀的关系,指出在一般腐蚀条件下,膜的主要组分为Fe_3O_4,而在应力腐蚀条件下,膜的主要组分为Fe_2O_3,并且系Fe_2O_3和Fe_3O_4多层重叠结构.当水中添加了一定量的硼,在氧化膜中会局部出现FeBO_3相,既不会引起也不会抑制应力腐蚀.硼的这种“惰性”作用和膜结构中Fe_3O_4相的非化学计量比,膜具有阴离子选择性有关.根据腐蚀电化学,认为应力腐蚀系发生在钝化/过钝化区域,增高Cl~-或O_2含量,从不同角度都会使合金的电位接近过钝化区.Cl~-的作用在于改变阳极极化曲线,O_2的作用在于改变阴极极化曲线.在含Cl~-水中,晶界TiC的迅速溶解是应力腐蚀的主要原因,而在含氧水中,晶粒Fe-Cr-Ni中Cr的选择性溶解是应力腐蚀的主要原因.在分析应力腐蚀的特征后,指出应力既是某些严重腐蚀点形