Content of carbohydrates and trace elements in a group of non-alcoholic drinks

BACKGROUND: In order to elaborate recommendations for the dietetic care of diabetic patients and other clinical disorders we have measured the concentration of carbohydrates and trace elements in a group of non alcoholic refreshments of current use in Spain. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty refreshments were classified into 10 groups. Glucose and phosphate were measured by hexokinase and reduction of phospho-molybdate methods respectively in an autoanalyzer Dax-72. Glucose and fructose were analyzed by cellulose thin-layer chromatography; glucose, fructose and sucrose by gas chromatographys. Sodium and potassium by emission spectrophotometry and calcium, magnesium, iron, copper and zinc by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. RESULTS: Light refreshments and soft drinks have no carbohydrates. Isotonic beverages, fruit juices, cool tea and non alcoholic beers had less than 10 g/dl. Tonic waters, Fanta, different coles, non alcoholic bitter and others had more than 10 g/dl. Sodium levels between 15-20 mEq/l were found in the isotonic beverages and 7-Up and levels of 7 mEq/l in the others. Potassium values between 15-40 mEq/l were found in the fruit juices, 3-4 mEq/l in Gatorade and less than 1 mEq/l in the others. CONCLUSIONS: Light refreshments and soft drinks contain low concentrations of carbohydrates and sodium. Fruit juices have high potassium concentration. Such information can be especially useful for dietetic care of diabetic patients.     

Expert statement and assessment of medical impairment in work-related pulmonary disease

The Norwegian Societies of Thoracic Medicine and Occupational Medicine established a working group to standardise diagnostic procedures and evaluation of work-related respiratory disorders. In cases of suspected work-related diseases the physician may be asked by the National Insurance Administration or an insurance company to make a statement which will be one of the documents used to decide the patient's right to compensation benefit. We discuss the role of the physician as an independent expert. This is different from his role as clinician. The statement should include a balanced presentation of information from different sources, including health and occupational history, and the employer's information about the work environment (quantitative and qualitative exposure data). The statement must also include the results of a clinical examination and an assessment of functional status based on objective tests. The paper contains recommendations for evaluation of permanent impairment in light of the present Norwegian laws and regulations.     

Condensation polymerization of pyrogallol and benzaldehyde

Novolac-type polycondensation of benzaldehyde (B) and pyrogallol (P) has been carried out at 60°C, 75°C and 90°C and at B/P mole ratios of 1.5 and 3.0 using phosphoric acid as catalyst. The reaction follows a 2nd order rate law. By using GC consumption data of benzaldehyde and pyrogallol, kinetic parameters such as the overall rate constants, activation energies (E_a) and logA values are investigated. The activation energies for 1.5 and 3.0 B/P mole ratios are found as 62.3 kJ mol^?1 and 56.4 kJ mol^?1, respectively. The molecular weights of the resins determined by measuring intrinsic viscosities (25°C, THF) are in the range of 0.03 to 0.07 dL g^?1 at various temperatures and B/P mole ratios.     

Manufacture of films displaying liquid-crystalline structure

Reported is an attempt to attain orientation of macromolecules during extrusion of films of cellulose derivatives that led to the liquid-crystalline state of a polymer and resulted in enhanced film strength.     

Development of improved methods for type testing present day mediumvoltage circuit breakers for outdoor service

Type testing for fault currents for medium-voltage circuit breakers rated at 15 kV to 72.5 kV is addressed. The ANSI designation of a new class of definite-purpose circuit breakers capable of switching transformer secondary faults and the introduction of the requirement for short-line-fault tests for breakers rated 72.5 kV and below have increased the difficulty of performing type tests in a testing laboratory. It is concluded that synthetic testing using the parallel current injection circuit is described in ANSI C37.081 provides the best available method for proving these complex requirements for medium-voltage circuit breakers     

Synthesis and properties of 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-(1-phenethyloxy)piperidine,an initiator for living free radical styrene polymerization

Summary An initiator for living free radical polymerization may be prepared by trapping the benzylic ethylbenzene radical with the stable 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxy (TEMPO) radical. The adduct, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-(1-phenethyloxy)piperidine (TMPEP), smoothly undergoes thermal fragmentation at temperatures approaching 140° C to afford an active carbon radical capable of initiating polymerization and a passive mediating nitroxyl radical to reversibly cap and preserve the propagating polymer chain.     

ON THE MODELLING OF PARTICLE-BODY INTERACTIONS IN STOKES FLOWS INVOLVING A SPHERE AND CIRCULAR DISC OR A TORUS AND CIRCULAR CYLINDER USING POINT SINGULARITIES

Few exact solutions of the Stokes equations are known, even for steady or quasi-steady flows, involving finite sized bodies, and numerical techniques generally have to be resorted to for finding solutions. However, quite effective modelling of flows involving complicated boundary geometries is possible using the three-dimensional Stokeslet and rotlet point singularities. Two problems are studied in detail. In the first example, exact solutions for the three-dimensional Stokeslet and rotlet placed axisymmetrically along the axis of a circular disc are found and combined with Brenner's first order interaction formulae to determine the effect of the presence of the disc on the force and torque acting on a particle whose dimensions are small compared with its distance from the disc. The results are compared with those of a full numerical integration of the Stokes equations for a sphere translating towards a disc. In the second example, Brenner's first order wall correction theory is applied to the motion of a particle in a circular cylinder using the exact solutions for a torus translating or rotating in isolation. The theoretical predictions for the drag on a torus settling symmetrically in a circular cylinder are compared with those determined experimentally.     

Minimizing sample evaporation in the environmental scanning electron microscope

The ElectroScan environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) enables wet samples to be observed by eliminating air but allowing water vapour into the sample chamber. However, evaporation from, and condensation on, the sample may occur during the pumpdown sequence used to reach this state, which means that the sample may not be in its natural state when viewed if due care is not taken. In this paper, the pumping system of the ESEM is described mathematically and expressions are derived for the evaporation and condensation. This treatment is then used to calculate the optimum pumpdown sequence. The importance of using the optimized procedure is illustrated by micrographs of fat emulsions.     

Developing maintainable expert systems using case-based reasoning

Abstract: Maintainability problems associated with traditional software systems are exacerbated in rule-based systems. The very nature of that approach — separation of control knowledge and data-driven execution — hampers maintenance. While there are widely accepted techniques for maintaining conventional software, the same is not true for rule-based systems. In most situations, both a knowledge engineer and a domain expert are necessary to update the rules of a rule-based system. This paper presents, first, an overview of the software engineering techniques and object-oriented methods used in maintaining rule-based systems. It then discusses alternate paradigms for expert system development. The benefits of using case-based reasoning (from the maintenance point of view) are illustrated through the implementation of a case-based scheduler. The main value of the scheduler is that its knowledge base can be modified by the expert without the assistance of a knowledge engineer. Since changes in application requirements can be given directly to the system by the expert, the effort of maintaining the knowledge base is greatly reduced.