空气潜孔锤钻井工艺在煤层气井中的应用

本文主要介绍了空气潜孔锤在煤层气钻井中工作原理、钻具组合、主要技术参数的计算选择和钻进中的注意事项,并尝试采用三牙轮钻头进行冲击回转钻进第四系,提高整体钻进效率。     

Hydrogen production by steam reforming of liquefied natural gas (LNG) over mesoporous nickel–alumina xerogel catalysts prepared by a single-step carbon-templating sol–gel method

A series of mesoporous nickel–alumina xerogel catalysts (denoted as CNAX) were prepared by a single-step carbon-templating sol–gel method using different amount of carbon template (X), and they were applied to the hydrogen production by steam reforming of liquefied natural gas (LNG). Textural properties of CNAX catalysts were improved with increasing the amount of carbon template. CNAX catalysts exhibited diffraction peaks corresponding to nickel aluminate phase, while CNA18 and CNA24 catalysts showed additional bulk nickel oxide phase. From TPR measurements, it was revealed that the interaction between nickel species and alumina in the CNAX catalysts became weakened with increasing the amount of carbon template. Crystallite size of metallic nickel in the reduced CNAX catalysts showed a volcano-shaped trend with respect to the amount of carbon template. In the steam reforming of LNG, CNAX (X = 0, 6, 12, and 18) catalysts exhibited a stable catalytic performance during the reaction, while CNA24 catalyst showed a significant catalyst deactivation. Crystallite size of metallic nickel served as an important factor determining the catalytic performance in the steam reforming of LNG. Initial LNG conversion and initial hydrogen yield increased with decreasing crystallite size of metallic nickel of the catalysts. Among the catalysts tested, CNA12 catalyst with the smallest crystallite size of metallic nickel showed the best catalytic performance.     

Optimization of molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) and homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine hybrid system for distributed power generation

In a previous study, a new hybrid system of molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) and homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine was developed, where the HCCI engine replaces the catalytic burner and produces additional power by using the left-over heating values from the fuel cell stack. In the present study, to reduce the additional cost and footprint of the engine system in a hybrid configuration, the possibility of engine downsizing is investigated by using two strategies, i.e. the use of a turbocharger and the use of high geometric compression ratio for the engine design, both of which are to increase the density of the intake charge and thus the volumetric efficiency of the engine. Combining these two strategies, we suggest a new engine design with ∼60% of displacement volume of the original engine. In addition, operating strategies are developed to run the new hybrid system under part load conditions. It is successfully demonstrated that the system can operate down to 65% of the power level of the design point, while the system efficiency remains almost unchanged near 63%.     

Determining adulteration of canned products using SNIF-NMR and IRMS: detection of undeclared addition of synthetic acetic acid

Possible adulteration of canned products containing spirit vinegar pickle by adding synthetic acetic acid is a significant problem of the food industry. Isotope analyses, which determine botanical origin of acetic acid and also can detect synthetic acid, were applied to detect undeclared addition of synthetic acetic acid to canned products. The aim of the study was to improve the extraction technique for the SNIF-NMR (²H/¹H; site-specific natural isotopic fractionation-nuclear magnetic resonance) and IRMS (¹³C/¹²C; isotope ratio mass spectrometry) isotope methods and for an atypical matrix and to determine isotope ratios in canned vegetables pickle to prove their adulteration or authenticity. The following set of canned products was analysed: pickled cucumbers (n = 16) and one vinegar pickle purchased in the Czech market and six model (cucumber) pickles. The determined ratios of ²H/¹H and ¹³C/¹²C for the pickled cucumbers proved to be authentic ranged from 89.4 to 107.0 ppm and from ?28.7 to ?15.6 ‰, respectively; for the synthetic acetic acids diluted with water they ranged from 114.2 to 129.0 ppm and from ?44.9 to ?33.4 ‰, respectively. Isotope analyses were confirmed as a reliable tool for assessing authenticity of canned products. The method enables detection of synthetic acetic acid addition into vinegars and canned vegetables containing vinegar pickle up from 20 % (of total acidity).     

Effect of Binder Content on the Erosive Wear of Ti(C,N)‐Based Cermet in SiO2 Particle‐Containing Simulated Seawater

Erosion of Ti(C,N)‐10 wt% Mo₂C‐15 wt% Ni/Co cermet of different Ni/Co in artificial seawater containing 5 wt% SiO₂ was investigated. Pure Ni‐bonded cermet exhibited the largest wear rate of 35.7*10^?3 mm³/h, which decreased to 17.7*10^?3 mm³/h with the substitution of 30% Ni by Co. Further decrease of Ni/Co ratio resulted in the improvement of erosion resistance. Pure Co binder resulted in the increase hardness from 92.0 to 92.5 HRA and transverse rupture strength from 1510 to 1650 MPa. The erosion resistance was slightly worse due to an increasing hardness and brittleness of the binder phases, but the hard phases still kept the as‐prepared morphology.     

外径千分尺在端淬试验试样移动装置上的应用

将报废的计量器具——外径千分尺用于端淬试验硬度测试时的试样移动装置上,通过旋转外径千分尺的测量筒,进而带动丝杆,由丝杆推动试样在硬度计底座上做水平移动,从而较好地实现了端淬试样硬度测试点的准确定位,该方法不仅简便快捷,同时提高了试样定位精度。     

Novel DTD and VAD assisted voice detection algorithm for VoIP systems

Echo cancellation plays an important role in current Internet protocol(IP) based voice interactive systems. Voice state detection is an essential part in echo cancellation. It mainly comprises two parts: double talk detection(DTD) and voice activity detection(VAD). DTD is used to detect doubletalk and prevent filter divergence in the presence of near-end speech, and VAD is used to determine the near-end voice activity and output silence indicator when near-end is silent. However, DTD straightforwardly proceeded may mistakenly declare double talk under double silent condition, coefficients update under the far-end silence condition may lead to filter divergence, and current VAD algorithms may misjudge the residual echo from the near end to be far-end voice. Therefore, a voice detection algorithm combining DTD and far-end VAD is proposed. DTD is implemented when VAD declares far-end speech, filtering and coefficients update will be halted when VAD declares far-end silence, and the far-end VAD adopted is multi-feature VAD based on short-time energy and correlation. The new algorithm can improve the accuracy of DTD, prevent filter divergence, and exclude the circumstance that far-end signal only contains residual echo from near end. Actual test results show that the voice state decision of the new algorithm is accurate, and the performance of echo cancellation is improved.     

膨胀型钢结构防火涂料分段等效热阻的确定

在总结分析膨胀型防火涂料隔热性能评价方法的基础上,提出了分段等效热阻的概念,即用热阻值的大小综合反应涂料的导热系数和膨胀厚度的变化,根据膨胀型防火涂料的反应特点,将涂料的热阻分为膨胀前和膨胀后两个阶段分别进行计算,并提出了计算分段等效热阻的方法。对2种型号的膨胀型防火涂料进行了标准条件实验,用分段等效热阻模拟的试件温升与实验结果相一致。分段等效热阻可以作为不同型号防火涂料隔热性能的评价依据,为更准确地进行钢构件的防火设计提供数据参考,并可以辅助分析防火涂料的防火机理。     

Synthesis and characterization of the carbon nanotube-based composite materials with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)

We report a procedure to prepare a conducting nano-composites composed of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and PEDOT by using a poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSSNa) as a inter-linking molecule between MWNT and PEDOT. When PSSNa chains are introduced on the MWNTs via physicochemical interaction, the surface of MWNT becomes negatively charged, and PSS-modified MWNTs promote the effective association of the positively charged PEDOT chains. The resulting MWNT-PSS/PEDOT composites are characterized by a better interconnection between MWNT and PEDOT components.