船载高精度星敏感器安装角的标定

星敏感器测量船体姿态精度与星敏感器与甲板之间的安装角标定精度密切相关。本文介绍了船载星敏感器的相关坐标系及安装角的定义,建立了船载星敏感器蒙气差修正模型,提出了一种船载高精度星敏感器安装角标定方法。船进坞坐墩时,船载经纬仪通过拍摄方位标确定航向,星敏感器通过星图识别获得视场内星点的赤经、赤纬,构成地心惯性系参考矢量,经岁差、章动、极移、船位等修正,得到各恒星在惯导地平系下的参考矢量。然后,根据蒙气差模型对星点逐个修正俯仰角,重构惯导地平系下的参考矢量。最后,依据姿态确定算法原理,解算星敏感器安装矩阵,求解安装角。实验表明,使用该方法可使方位角、俯仰角的标定精度达10"以内。该方法有效发挥了星敏感器指向精度高的优点,改善了程序自动化程度,提高了船体姿态测量精度。     

Effects of Si on the Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of High-Chromium Cast Iron

Effect of Si on the microstructures and mechanical properties of high-chromium cast iron was investigated. The eutectic carbides are refined greatly and a transformation of matrix from austenitic matrix to pearlite is observed with increase in Si content from 0.5 to 1.5 wt.%. The refinement of eutectic microstructure is attributed to the decrease in the eutectic temperature, while the transformation from austenite matrix to pearlite is associated with the increase in solubility of carbon in the matrix. In the pearlite matrix, two types of pearlite are observed: one with lamellar pearlite, distributing at the periphery, and the second one with granular pearlite at the center. The density of secondary carbides precipitated from the matrix increases greatly with addition of Si from 0.5 to 1.5 wt.%, which is associated with more carbon and chromium elements confined in the matrix in the alloy containing 1.5 wt.%. More rod-like particles are observed in the alloy containing 0.5 wt.% Si, while the morphology of secondary carbides of alloy containing 1.5 wt.% is granular. The mechanical properties are improved with a 7% increase in tensile strength from 586 to 626 MPa and impact toughness from 5.8 to 7.3 J cm^?2.     

Effect of Fe on Microstructure and Properties of 8xxx Aluminum Conductor Alloys

The effect of Fe contents (0.3-0.7 wt.%) on the microstructure, electrical conductivity, mechanical and creep properties of 8xxx aluminum conductor alloys was investigated. Results revealed that the as-cast microstructure of 8xxx alloys was consisted of equiaxed α-Al grains and secondary Fe-rich intermetallics distributed in the interdendritic region. The extruded microstructure showed partially recrystallized structure for 0.3% Fe alloy but only dynamically recovered structures for 0.5 and 0.7% Fe alloys. With increasing Fe contents, the ultimate tensile strength and yield strength were remarkably improved, while the electrical conductivity was slightly decreased. Moreover, the creep resistance was greatly improved, which is attributed to the larger volume fraction of fine intermetallic particles and smaller subgrain size in the higher Fe-containing alloys. The creep threshold stress was found to increase from 24.6 to 33.9 MPa with increasing Fe contents from 0.3 to 0.7%, respectively. The true stress exponent values were close to 3 for all three experimental alloys, indicating that the creep mechanism of 8xxx alloys was controlled by dislocation glide.     

基于自校正Kalman滤波的液膜密封端面摩擦状态监测技术

声发射技术是液膜密封端面摩擦状态的有效检测方法,但是受工业背景噪声的影响,难以分离出声发射信号中所需信息。针对此问题,采用基于ARMA模型的自校正Kalman滤波技术处理声发射信号。该滤波器能在系统模型参数和噪声特性未知的情况下,收敛于稳态最优卡尔曼滤波器,因此滤波后的声发射信号的所需特征信号更突出,有利于液膜密封端面摩擦状态的检测。建立RBF神经网络,以时域、频域和时频域特征值作为输入进行网络训练,实现密封端面摩擦状态模式识别。实验结果证明,该监测方法能实时有效地识别端面摩擦状态,识别结果与电涡流直接测量得到的结果一致。     

Optimization of algal lipid extraction by mixture of ethyl acetate and ethanol via response surface methodology for biodiesel production

The effects of extraction time, extraction temperature, solvent to biomass ratio and solvent composition on lipid yield from lyophilized Chlorococcum sp. biomass using a mixture of ethyl acetate and ethanol (EAE), a new proposed solvent, were studied. Subsequently, the process conditions of extraction by EAE were optimized using Box-Behnken design (BBD). The results revealed that the extraction temperature had the greatest effect on lipid extraction efficiency, followed by volume ratio of ethyl acetate to ethanol (EA/E) and extraction time. The largest lipid extraction yield of 15.74% was obtained under the following extraction conditions: 40mL solvents per gram of biomass for 270 min with gentle stirring at 80 °C by EAE with an EA/E of 1.0. Furthermore, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid were the most abundant fatty acids in the lipids extracted, indicating the great potential of the proposed lipid extraction procedure for microalgae-based biodiesel production.     

改进型4Cr5Mo2MnV1Si压铸模块钢的球化处理

改进型4Cr5Mo2MnV1Si压铸模块钢采用传统“余热退火+正火+等温球化退火”工艺球化处理后,组织未达到技术要求,对其传统球化处理工艺做了改进,并对改进工艺处理试样的组织、硬度进行检测。结果表明,试验钢余热退火+正火+等温球化退火后,再经1010℃保温0.5 h炉冷至不同温度(820、790和760℃)保温1 h空冷处理后,显微组织均呈板条马氏体形态,基体上均匀弥散分布有碳化物颗粒,但硬度均高于400 HBW,未达到硬度小于240 HBW球化组织的要求。而经1010℃保温0.5 h空冷至室温,再820、790和760℃保温1 h回火空冷处理后,组织均为等轴铁素体上均匀分布着质点状碳化物,硬度分别为321、235和245 HBW,其中790℃回火效果最好,球化组织级别达到GB3,硬度小于240 HBW。因此,采用余热退火+正火+高温回火(790℃)代替余热退火+正火+等温球化退火可实现改进型4Cr5Mo2MnV1Si压铸模块钢的锻后球化处理。     

固溶处理对含Gd不锈钢第二相与硬度的影响

研究了不同固溶处理温度对含Gd不锈钢第二相与硬度的影响。结果表明,含Gd不锈钢在1000～1150℃固溶处理30 min后,沿晶界析出的连续第二相只发生部分熔断,大量第二相弥散分布于基体中,由“灰色”相包裹着“亮白色”相,“灰色”相元素组成及含量相对稳定。在1000～1070℃保温30 min固溶处理后,“亮白色”相的Ni几乎完全溶解,Gd浓缩富集,尺寸缩小,“灰色”相长大缓慢,部分“灰色”相形貌变为短棒状。固溶温度升高至1150℃,“亮白色”相中Ni溶解的同时Gd发生扩散及微量溶解,大部分“亮白色”相消失,“灰色”相发生粗化、球化。固溶处理后合金硬度均低于固溶处理前,随着固溶温度的升高,合金硬度呈上升趋势。