Recovery of pyruvic acid with weakly basic polymeric sorbents

BACKGROUND: Carboxylic acids are among the most important substances that can be manufactured from biomass. However, the recovery of carboxylic acids from fermentation broths presents a challenging separation problem. To avoid the production of waste salts and net consumption of chemicals in the calcium carboxylate salt process, the use of reversible chemical complexation with polymeric sorbents and extractants is attractive for carboxylic acid recovery. Pyruvic acid is widely used in the manufacture of medicines, pesticides and foodstuffs and can be produced by fermentation. Since the acidity of pyruvic acid (pK_a = 2.49) is stronger than that of normal carboxylic acids, and as few reports on the recovery of pyruvic acid are available, the sorption of pyruvic acid from aqueous solution on two types of weakly basic polymeric sorbent, tertiary amine D301R and primary amine D392, was investigated over a wide pH range and at various salt (MgSO₄) concentrations. RESULTS: Overloading adsorption of pyruvic acid on both weakly basic polymeric sorbents occurred, with the overloading of D392 being greater than that of D301R. The adsorption of pyruvic acid on both sorbents was greatly affected by the solution pH and the salt concentration in the aqueous phase. An overloading model was able to predict the experimental uptake data very well. CONCLUSION: Solution pH is one of the most important operating conditions, and both polymeric sorbents D392 and D301R can be used to recover pyruvic acid from dilute aqueous solution with high efficiency at a solution pH around 2. The uptake by D392 is greater than that by D301R owing to steric hindrance of the tertiary amine. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Modeling operation and microarchitecture concurrency for communication architectures with application to retargetable simulation

In multiprocessor-based system-on-chips (SOCs), optimizing the communication architecture is often as important as, if not more than, optimizing the computation architecture. While there are mature platforms and techniques for the modeling and evaluation of computation architectures, the same is not true for the communication architectures. A major challenge in modeling the communication architecture is managing the concurrency at multiple levels: at the operation level, multiple communication operations may be active at any time; at the microarchitecture level, several microarchitectural components may be operating in parallel. Further, it is important to be able to clearly specify how the operation-level concurrency maps to the microarchitectural-level concurrency. This paper presents a modeling methodology and a retargetable simulation framework which fill this gap. This framework seeks to facilitate the design space exploration of the communication subsystem through a rigorous modeling approach based on a formal concurrency model, the operation state machine (OSM). Our OSM-based modeling methodology enables the entire system including both the computation and communication architectures to be modeled in a single OSM framework. This allows us to develop a tool set that can synthesize cycle-accurate system simulators for multiprocessing-element SOC prototypes. We show that, by simulation, critical system information such as timing and communication patterns can be obtained and evaluated. Consequently, system-level design choices regarding the communication architecture can be made with high confidence in early stages of design.     

提高工程量清单编制质量的思考

文章从如何提高对工程量清单编制工作重要性的认识入手,分析了实现计价理念、计价侧重点和造价控制观念转变的必要性,重点阐述了提高工程量清单编制质量应给予足够重视的几个关键环节。     

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对三种天然气压缩因子计算方法：经典热力学法、SGERG-88法、SY／T6143—1996法进行了介绍并对计算结果进行了对比，第一种方法的计算精度远不能满足贸易结算的要求，我国现行的第二种计算方法与ISO标准方法相比，在10℃以上的温度范围内基本相符，但在10℃以下的低温段则偏差较大。由此说明，我国目前所实施的计量标准与国际上认可的ISO标准方法之间有较大的偏差；同时，对不需要在线计算的场合，提出了一套基于数据拟合的计算体积修正系数的高精度近似方法，可提高体积计量仪表的性价比。     

井底堆积物的作用

分析了深井低品位岩溶采卤中，井底堆积物的形成和发展，利用流体力学理论，从正反两方面分析了井底堆积物在采卤中的主要作用。     

Research on the Distant Hybrids of Wheat Obtained via Low-Energy Ion-Beam Implantation

Abstract The whole DNA of soybean was implanted into four varieties of wheat of Zhongyu5, Huaiyin 9628, Wenyou 1, Jimai 5 respectively via ion-beam mediation. There were 5 plantsobtained whose protein content was higher than 18.5%, the highest one was 21.44%. There were 3plants obtained whose protein content was lower than 11.5%, the lowest one was 10.96%. We cansee that the whole DNA of soybean transformed into wheat via ion beam implantation can inducethe increase in wheat protein content dramatically. The result also shows that the transformationefficiency of different gene types of wheat receptor varies greatly that the implanting time has acertain effect on the efficiency of transformation.     

Generalized null space uncorrelated Fisher discriminant analysis for linear dimensionality reduction

We propose a generalized null space uncorrelated Fisher discriminant analysis (GNUFDA) technique integrating the uncorrelated discriminant analysis and weighted pairwise Fisher criterion. The GNUFDA can effectively deal with the small sample-size problem and perform satisfactorily when the dimensionality of the null space decreases with increase in the number of training samples per class and/or classes, C. The proposed GNUFDA can extract at most C-1 optimal uncorrelated discriminative vectors without being influenced by the null-space dimensionality.     

Spatially resolved infrared spectroscopy: a novel technique for in situ study of spatial surface coverage during CO oxidation on supported catalysts

A spatially resolved infrared (IR) imaging technique to monitor the linear adsorbed CO coverage on supported catalyst surface combining an IR bandpass filter and an IR thermography camera has been developed. Images acquired during the CO adsorption/desorption and ignition indicate that the technique provides an excellent method to image the change of surface coverage with a spatial resolution. It is expected that the combination of infrared thermography with spatially resolved imaging of surface coverage will provide a deeper insight in the dynamics of spatio-temporal patterns on heterogeneous catalysts.     

铸造高性能合金的显微组织及耐腐蚀行为

对铸造高性能合金Lewmet55进行了化学成分设计，确定了该合金中镍、铬、钼、铜和硅的含量。采用金相显微镜和X射线衍射相结合的方法，分析了该合金的显微组织，并采用多种腐蚀试验方法研究其耐腐蚀行为。着重研究了不同热处理制度对铸造高性能合金的均匀腐蚀、晶问腐蚀、点蚀和电化学腐蚀性能的影响。试验结果表明，Lewment55合金经1250℃×1．5h水冷固溶处理后，在高温浓硫酸介质中具有良好的耐蚀性，以及较好的抗晶间腐蚀、点蚀和电化学腐蚀性能。