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21.
Marginal costs of electricity vary by time and location. In the past, researchers attributed the variations to factors related to electricity generation and transmission. These authors, however, have not analyzed possible variations in marginal distribution capacity costs (MDCC). The objectives of this paper are:
- 1. (i) to show that large MDCC variations are due to the dispersion in distribution capital expenditures by time and space,
- 2. (ii) to propose a method for quantifying the area- and time-specific MDCC in the presence of lumpy investments, and
- 3. (iii) to compare our MDCC estimates to those commonly used in the electric utility industry.
22.
三峡水库减淤增容调度方式研究——多汛限水位调度方案 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
本文建议在汛期中小流量时(Q<35000m3/s),将坝前水位维持在148~151m;出现汛情且流量更较大后,将坝前水位降低到143m;入库流量大于35000m3/s且短期预报将出现大于十年一遇洪水时,预泄洪水到135m.按这一调度,汛期约80%时间可以维持在较高水位,一般洪水期。汛限水位143m不影响坝区通航,135m水位迎洪可大量增加防洪库客。到100年后可减淤30亿m3,增加防洪库容约40亿m3.变动回水区减淤40%,优化了坝区水沙搭配,可改善通航条件。降低库区洪水位,缓解防洪与移民的矛盾。可对发电带来较大好处:提高发电效益,减少粗沙过机。初期水库排沙比大于原方案,可减轻下游冲刷。同时,可减小三峡汛初泄水与鄱阳湖防洪的矛盾。 相似文献
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In this paper, the influence of viewing distance on subjective assessment of the impairment in video sequences is investigated. Subjective tests using the double-stimulus impairment scale variant II (DSIS II) method have been conducted at viewing distances of 5H (where H stands for the screen height) and 3H, respectively. Several statistical measures have been used to analyze the influence, including correlations and ANOVA (analysis of variance) tests. The results reveal that there is a very high correlation between the subjective scores, the variances are similar under the two viewing distances, the means of subjective data at these two viewing distances are the same, and there is no interaction between the viewing distance and the other two factors, i.e., the codec system and the source sequence. Throughout the tests, there is no evidence that a closer viewing distance such as 3H will vary the subjective test result statistically significantly. 相似文献
27.
本文分析了电信企业面临的社会经济新形势,揭示了在计划经济条件下电信企业内部激励机制存在的弊端,论述了电信企业进行激励机制改革与创新的必要性和必然性,提出了电信企业在生存和发展中改革与创新激励机制的指导思想及原则,提出了如何建立一套科学、合理的激励机制,以便更有效地发挥员工的积极性、主动性和创造性,最大程度地提高激励的效用。 相似文献
28.
In the literature the concept of representative volume element (RVE) was introduced to correlate the effective or macroscopic properties of materials with the properties of the microscopic constituents and microscopic structures of the materials. However, to date little quantitative knowledge is available about minimum RVE sizes of various engineering materials. In our recent paper [J. Mech. Phys. Solids 50 (2002) 881], a new definition of minimum RVE size was introduced based on the concept of nominal modulus. Numerical experiments using the finite element method (FEM) were then carried out for determining the minimum RVE sizes of more than 500 cubic polycrystals in the plane stress problem, under the assumption that all grains in a polycrystal have the same square shape––called the simple polycrystal model. The major finding is that the minimum RVE sizes for effective elastic moduli have a roughly linear dependence on crystal anisotropy degrees. The present paper takes into account the effect of grain sizes, shapes, and distribution on the minimum RVE sizes for real cubic polycrystals that are formed by crystallization processes. Similar roughly linear dependence is found again, with the slope about 19% lower than that in the simple polycrystal model. This finding is interesting and useful because numerical experiments on minimum RVE sizes for a large number of crystals are quite time-consuming and the simple polycrystal model reduces significantly the FEM pre- and post-processing works. This should be particularly true in numerically testing minimum RVE sizes for three-dimensional polycrystals and for nonelastic properties in future works. With a maximum relative error 5%, all the polycrystals tested have a minimum RVE size of 16 or less times the grain size. 相似文献
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提出了映射半解析边界元法解百轴对称瞬态弹性动力问题时存在解析方向不能正确反映波的传播现象的问题,产生该问题的原因和如何解决该问题的建议。 相似文献