Short communication: Global transcriptome analysis of Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis in response to gradient freezing

Lactic acid bacteria are often preserved as starter cultures by freezing to extend shelf stability as well as maintain cell viability and acidification activity. Previous studies showed that the endocyte extracted from gradient-freezing pretreated cells could act as lyoprotectant in the lyophilization process of Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis. In this study, the molecular mechanisms of L. lactis in response to gradient freezing exposure are described using high-throughput sequencing. Nineteen of 56 genes were upregulated after gradient freezing, whereas 37 genes were downregulated. Further validation results of quantitative real-time PCR experiments were consistent with the RNA sequencing. Gene Ontology (http://www.geneontology.org/) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG; https://www.genome.jp/kegg/) pathway were used to analyze the differentially expressed genes. Several pathways, such as glutathione metabolism, ATP-binding cassette transport, metabolism of cell wall and cell membrane components, and stress response-related pathways, were affected by gradient freezing. Six genes relevant to freezing stress response were selected for quantitative real-time PCR, including 3 upregulated genes (hisK, eutD, dukA) and 3 downregulated genes (als, yedF, pepN). The Gene Ontology enrichment and KEGG pathway analyses showed these genes may influence stress response-related pathways, improving the survival of the L. lactis under freezing stress. The identification of these genes deepened an understanding about their response under freezing stress, helping us find potential genes or pathways related to gradient freezing for further research on lyoprotectants.     

巧识“变脸”药

“变脸”，原是川剧表演的一种绝活：在众目睽睽之下，台上演员仅靠甩头的瞬间．就能奇迹般地变出10多种，甚至几十种脸谱来。令台下老少观众兴奋至极．赞叹不已。然而，当“变脸”的浪潮在医药界悄然兴起．又如钱塘江潮一般轰然而起时．人们开始大呼上当，叫苦不迭。原来，人们在求医问药时，发现售药者热情推荐的“新药”，自己慷慨解囊、花高价买来的“好药”，有许多仅仅是变了一下药量，或变了一下名称。或变了一下包装的老药，而药价却比原来贵了几倍、十几倍，甚至几十倍。这种经过“变剂型、变名称、变包装”的“三变”药物．别说是病人，就是临床医生、药房药师也难以将名称记全。请看下面列出名称的药品。这些药都是常用的治疗药，只要你因为嗓子疼、感冒咳嗽或者是患高血压、冠心病、糖尿病等需要药物治疗，你就一定用过它们。[编者按]     

稳定同位素稀释-超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法测定牛奶及牛源性婴幼儿配方乳粉中A1型和A2型β-酪蛋白含量

目的 建立基于纯化蛋白和稳定同位素稀释-超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆质谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled triple quadrupole mass spectrometry,UPLC-MS/MS)定性及定量测定牛奶及牛源性婴幼儿配方乳粉中A1和A2 β-酪蛋白变异体的分析方法。方法 首先将β-酪蛋白标准品中A1和A2 β-酪蛋白变异体在高效液相色谱仪上分离,通过各自的纯化蛋白确定两种变异体在标准品中的含量,再将试样中的β-酪蛋白经胰蛋白酶酶解成肽,经UPLC-MS/MS检测。通过筛选的特异肽段,经β-酪蛋白标准品及稳定同位素稀释内标法计算,获得试样中β-酪蛋白A1变异体和A2变异体的含量。结果 本研究采用的β-酪蛋白标准对照品中A1和A2 β-酪蛋白变异体含量分别为20.8%和55.1%,且在检测中标准曲线的线性相关系数均大于0.99,方法重现性中相对标准偏差为2.290%～4.720%。结论 本方法溯源性及精密度好,适用于牛奶及牛源性婴幼儿配方乳粉中两种β-酪蛋白变异体的测定。     

Flavor formation of tilapia byproduct hydrolysates in Maillard reaction

The Maillard reaction (MR) of tilapia byproduct protein hydrolysates was investigated for the use of byproduct protein as a food ingredient and to mask its fishy odor and bitter flavor. The flavor differences in tilapia byproduct hydrolysates before and after the MR were analyzed to explore the key flavor precursor peptides and amino acids involved in MR. The results suggested that eight key volatile substances, including 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, 2-pentylfuran, hexanal, octanal, nonanal, (E)-2-decenal, decanal, and 1-octen-3-ol contributed most to the MR products group (ROAV > 1). Ten volatile compounds, including 1-octen-3-ol, hexanal, 2-pentylfuran, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, methyl decanoate, and 2-octylfuran, were the flavor markers that distinguished the different samples (VIP > 1). The four most consumed peptides were VAPEEHPTL, GPIGPRGPAG, KSADDIKKAF, and VWEGQNIVK. Umami peptides and bitter free amino acids (FAAs) were the key flavor precursor peptide and FAAs, respectively. Overall, the hydrolysates of tilapia byproducts with flavor improved by MR are a promising strategy for the production of flavorings.     

电子鼻结合统计学分析对牛肉中猪肉掺假的识别

利用电子鼻结合统计学分析对掺入猪肉的掺假牛肉进行定性和定量研究。采用平均值法和K均值聚类分析法提取特征值;通过主成分分析、判别分析进行分析并使用多层感知神经网络进行模式识别;通过偏最小二乘、多元线性回归和BP神经网络建立定量模型来预测掺假物含量。结果表明：K均值聚类分析法提取的特征值能更全面地反映电子鼻的响应信号,同时判别分析能更好地对掺假牛肉进行定性检测。多层感知神经网络分析中训练集正确分类率达98.8%,验证集正确分类率达97.4%,说明分类结果较好。BP神经网络的决定系数R2（0.9993、0.9930）和均方根误差（0.90%、2.50%）明显优于其他两种方法,故BP神经网络建模分析能更好地预测掺假牛肉中猪肉的含量。说明应用电子鼻技术检测掺入猪肉的掺假牛肉具有一定的可行性。     

电子鼻应用于猪肉丸子香味预测

为应用电子鼻技术快速、客观地评价猪肉丸子风味,实验设计了4?种肥肉、瘦肉配比（100%瘦、90%瘦、80%瘦和70%瘦）的猪肉丸子,使用电子鼻和顶空固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱（gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS）联用对猪肉丸子的各种挥发性物质进行检测。同时对其进行香味指标感官评定。采用线性判别和神经网络方法对不同猪肉丸子的电子鼻数据进行识别分类;并利用偏最小二乘回归方法对电子鼻传感器和挥发性物质的相关性进行分析。结果表明,4?类丸子在香味评价上差异极显著（P＜0.01）,肥肉比例高的丸子获得了较高的评分。线性判别分析和神经网络方法的分类效果显示,电子鼻对4?类猪肉丸子具有良好的分类能力。GC-MS共检测出了67?种风味化合物,其中主要是醛类、醇类、酮类等物质,挥发性风味物质的差异是造成各类丸子感官评分差异的根本原因。偏最小二乘回归模型显示电子鼻传感器数据与主要挥发性化合物相对含量具有良好的相关性。使用逐步回归建立电子鼻与评价指标数据之间的分值预测回归模型（R2＞0.9,P＜0.01）,表明丸子香味可以使用电子鼻进行预测。     

茶多酚对羊肉肌原纤维蛋白凝胶特性的影响

研究茶多酚对羊肉肌原纤维蛋白凝胶特性的影响,将不同添加量(0.00%、0.01%、0.05%、0.10%、0.50%、1.00%)的茶多酚加入到羊肉肌原纤维蛋白中,测定肌原纤维蛋白表面疏水性、乳化性能、保水性、质构特性,观察羊肉肌原纤维蛋白凝胶微观结构。结果表明,与对照组相比,茶多酚添加量为0.10%时,羊肉肌原纤维蛋白的表面疏水性最小,疏水基团暴露程度最轻,乳化活性指数达到最大(4.88 m²/g),乳化稳定性指数(86.54%)和保水性(95.22%)均达到最佳;随着茶多酚添加量的增加,羊肉肌原纤维蛋白凝胶的硬度、咀嚼度、胶着度均显著上升(P<0.05),弹性、内聚性、回复性整体呈下降趋势(P<0.05)。结论:添加适量茶多酚可以显著改善羊肉肌原纤维蛋白的凝胶特性,并且凝胶的微观结构更加致密、空隙更小、形状规则且分布均匀;茶多酚与肌原纤维蛋白的非共价结合和共价结合可能会影响蛋白质的功能特性,并且这种作用强度随着茶多酚添加量的变化而变化。     

实木复合地板在居室环境设计中的应用

木地板种类繁多,其中实木复合地板是应用最为广泛、发展前景最好的品种之一。现阶段人们非常注重地板的材质和环保性能,却往往忽视地板与家居整体环境的协调,导致装修后整体效果不及预期。本文针对这种现象,结合实木地板的基本特性和室内设计的相关知识,总结了实木复合地板的组织设计原则及其与家具色彩的搭配方式,通过大量实例,生动展示了如何根据装饰装修风格来组织设计实木复合地板的颜色、纹样和功能,从而使家具陈设、墙面装饰、顶棚设计以及地面的铺装布局,在三维立体空间内实现多元有机互动,营造协调、宁静,并富有文化底蕴的室内环境氛围。     

New Process for Extracting Oil and Starch from Tea Seeds

A new process for extracting oil and starch from tea seed was introduced. The new process included one special link compared with all of the processes used now for tea seed oil and starch production. The link was static fermentation by which oil bodies and starch were separated naturally from tea seeds. By the process, tea seed oil and starch which were in conformity with government standards about edible oil and starch were successfully produced with 16% and 8% of production rate, respectively. The new process has many advantages, such as more simple equipments, lower production cost and whole natural products, etc..