基于前推回代法和牛顿拉夫逊法的配电网潮流计算

针对牛顿拉夫逊法计算潮流时对节点电压初值的要求高的缺点,结合配电网为放射状网络的特征,提出基于前推回代法和牛顿拉夫逊法的配电网潮流计算,利用前推回代法第一次迭代的结果作为牛顿拉夫逊法的初值,能够满足牛顿拉夫逊法对初值的要求,且具有良好的收敛速度。最后,应用实例证明基于前推回代法和牛顿拉夫逊法的配电网潮流计算迭代次数少,收敛性好。     

GSP 插入LCOS 的可行性探讨

硅基液晶(LCOS)是最适合用于全息视频显示的空间光调制器之一,但是受限于小衍射角和低分辨率的特性,当前市场上的LCOS并不完全适用。近年来出现的超常表面(例如,间隙表面等离子体激元)具有独特的特性,提供了一种新的对光传播进行控制的方法。文中采用数值方法研究了在LCOS中插入超常表面结构,旨在解决小衍射角和低分辨率的问题。为了实用化,使用铝作为金属层、三氧化二铝层作为电介质层,生成GSP结构。首先,研究了铝在可见光频率的光学特性以及相应的法布里珀罗共振子模型。然后将初始GSP结构插入到LCOS中,得到液晶中的电场分布,进一步观察液晶中指向矢分布的变化。数值模拟的结果表明,所提出的结构对远场衍射光具有一定的影响,并且全息显示的视场角也发生一些改变。因此,这里提出的在LCOS装置中插入GSP的方案在技术上是可行的。     

透水性混凝土强度-渗透性模型试验研究

高透水性是透水性混凝土的重要特征,现有的透水性混凝土渗透系数测试装置存在试件侧壁渗漏问题,为此提出了一种试件侧面防水涂抹+柔性夹层+套筒刚性壁的防侧漏复合结构,提高了渗透系数测试精度。透水性混凝土的透水性和强度是一对矛盾体,此消彼长,但目前对它们之间关系缺乏系统的研究。通过室内渗透性和强度试验研究了多种因素（如：水灰比、集灰比、孔隙率）对透水性混凝土的强度和透水性的影响,建立了强度孔隙率模型、渗透性孔隙率模型和强度渗透性模型。研究结果表明：透水性混凝土与普通混凝土不同,存在一个最佳水灰比,最佳水灰比对应的强度最大;强度和水灰比成开口向下的二次抛物线关系,而孔隙率和集灰比均与渗透系数成正相关关系;透水性混凝土强度和渗透性关系服从Lorentzian函数,强度随渗透性的增大而逐渐降低,降低速度先快后慢。在工程设计中应根据具体要求,确定最佳的强度和渗透性组合。     

Analysing ownership,locational and internalization advantages of Chinese construction MNCs using rough sets analysis

The rough sets analysis focusing on the ownership, locational and internalization (OLI) advantages of Chinese construction multinational corporations (MNCs) in the international market under Dunning's Eclectic Paradigm was adopted to overcome the sample size constraint in MNC research that seeks to examine the causality patterns of the factors identified. The rough sets methodology provides a solution that conventional statistical methods do not offer to ascertain how these factors are determined and their influence in the OLI analysis of the performance of Chinese construction MNCs. The rough sets approach to handling imperfect data with uncertainty and vagueness was adopted to describe dependencies between attributes, evaluate the significance of attributes and deal with inconsistencies. Based on a questionnaire survey of 31 Chinese construction MNCs, findings from the rough sets analysis suggest, among other things, that: (1) a firm is likely to perform well in terms of its ownership advantages when it has a significant advantage on its reputation and its accessibility to resources when compared with local contractors; (2) a firm may be expected to achieve better results in terms of its locational advantages if the large number of competitors from China in the host countries becomes its most important consideration; and (3) a firm that conscientiously avoids or reduces information search and business negotiation costs would tend to perform well in terms of its internalization advantages.     

Preparation and characterization of the modulus intermediate layer in carbon fiber/epoxy composites by depositing sepiolites

An important aspect in development of multi‐scale reinforced composites is their mass production which can be easily realized. In this article, the sepiolites (Si12O30Mg8(OH)4(OH2)4·8H2O) are directly deposited onto the surface of JH‐T800 carbon fibers for the first time with no need for removal of the commercial sizing agent. The sepiolites adhering to the carbon fibers are uniformly distributed with random orientation, and participated in the formation of high modulus intermediate layer encompassing the carbon fiber. After the deposition of sepiolites, the interfacial shear strengths (IFSS) of the carbon fiber/epoxy composites are significantly improved as shown in single‐fiber composite fragmentation tests. Compared to the commercial carbon fiber composites, the sepiolite‐deposited fiber composites also exhibit obvious improvement in the interlaminar shear strength and flexural strength. As a new kind of multi‐scale reinforcement with industrial application value, the sepiolite‐deposited carbon fibers can further raise the level of mechanical properties of the existing carbon fiber reinforced composites. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43955.     

Compressive mechanical properties of HTPB propellant at low,intermediate, and high strain rates

Low, intermediate, and high strain rate compression testing (1.7 × 10^?4 to 2500 s^?1) of the hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) propellant at room temperature, were performed using a universal testing machine, a hydraulic testing machine, and a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB), respectively. Results show that the stress linearly increases with strain at each condition; the increasing trend of stress at a given strain with the logarithm of strain rate changes from a linear to an exponential form at 1 s^?1. By combining these characteristics, we propose a rate‐dependent constitutive model which is a linearly elastic component as a base model, then multiplied by a rate‐dependent component. Comparison of model with experimental data shows that it can characterize the compressive mechanical properties of HTPB propellant at strain rates from 1.7 × 10^?4 to 2500 s^?1. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 43512.     

合成丙烯酸催化剂研究进展

对用于合成丙烯酸催化剂进行分类总结,综述丙烯氧化制丙烯酸催化剂和丙烷氧化制丙烯酸催化剂研究进展。丙烯两步氧化法制丙烯酸催化剂应用广泛,催化剂主要为Mo-Bi系和Mo-V系复合氧化物。提出扩大丙烯酸下游产品领域对调节产能扩张的重要性,提高国产丙烯酸催化剂性能、增强工业应用能力、降低生产成本、减少污染物排放和开发新型丙烯酸催化剂及其生产技术是下一步的研究重点。     

The Effects of KCl,NaCl and K<Subscript>2</Subscript>CO<Subscript>3</Subscript> on the High-Temperature Oxidation Onset of Sanicro 28 Steel

The present study investigates the early stages in the oxidation process of Sanicro 28 (Fe31Cr27Ni) stainless steel when exposed to an alkali salt (KCl, NaCl or K₂CO₃) for 2 h at 450 and 535 °C. After the exposure, the oxidized samples were analyzed with a combinatory method (CA, XPS and SEM–EDX). It was found that all three salts were corrosive, and the overall oxidation reaction rate was much higher at 535 °C than at 450 °C. There were clear differences in terms of the impact of cations (Na⁺, K⁺) and anions (Cl^?, CO₃ ^2?) on the initial corrosion process at both temperatures. When focusing on the cations, the presence of potassium ions resulted in a higher rate of chromate formation than in the presence of sodium ions. When studying the effect of anions, the oxidation of iron and chromium occurred at higher rates in the presence of both chloride salts than in the presence of the carbonate salt, and chloride salts seemed to possess higher diffusion rate in the gas phase and along the surface than carbonate salts. Moreover, at the higher temperature of 535 °C, the formed chromate reacted further to chromium oxide, and an ongoing oxidation process of iron and chromium was identified with a significantly higher reaction rate than at 450 °C.     

超声喷丸对工业纯Zr疲劳裂纹扩展行为的影响

对厚度为2.0 mm的工业纯锆板材进行双面超声喷丸（USSP）处理,研究了超声喷丸（USSP）对微观组织演变和疲劳裂纹扩展（FCG）行为的影响。通过光学显微镜、激光共聚焦显微镜、背散射电子衍射仪、透射电子显微镜和X射线衍射仪分别对微观结构演变进行表征。采用紧凑拉伸试样进行FCG试验,对断口形貌和裂纹扩展路径进行分析。结果表明,USSP处理后形成了具有约250 μm深度残余压应力的表面梯度结构,USSP试样比原始试样表现出更高的强度和表面粗糙度。值得注意的是,USSP-8 min和USSP-12 min试样的疲劳裂纹扩展寿命比原始试样分别提高了28.1%和50.9%。USSP处理有助于提高疲劳裂纹扩展抗力,进而在一定程度上降低疲劳裂纹的扩展速率。FCG性能的提高可归因于残余压应力和晶粒细化的共同作用,残余压应力增强了裂纹闭合效应,降低了有效应力比。同时,晶粒细化使晶界比例增加,循环塑性区尺寸减小,从而有利于抵抗裂纹扩展。