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61.
A 66-kV network generally is grounded through a neutral grounding resistor. In this network a single-phase ground-fault current is limited to as small as 100 to 400 A. There are parallel four-circuit transmission lines mounted on the same tower in the 66-kV network. In such transmission lines, the load and the fault currents could induce circulating current that flows through the lines. Since the circulating current has zero-phase-sequence and negative-phase-sequence components, it could cause unwanted operation of a balance ground relay using zero-phase-sequence current. However, it is difficult to compensate for the circulating current by the conventional vector compensation scheme. This paper presents a new balance ground relay to deal with the circulating current. In the relay from the ground-fault inception until first tripping, the difference current Δ3I2d of negative-phase-sequence current 3I2d of the differential current between two protected lines is used as an input current. The Δ3I2d is the difference current of 3I2d between, before and during faults. After the first tripping, the difference current of positive-phase-sequence load current and zero-phase-sequence current of the forementioned differential current are used as an input current. Consequently, a higher sensitivity of the ground-fault protection for these lines has been achieved. The correct operation of the new balance ground relay was confirmed when a single-phase-ground-fault occurred in the parallel four-circuit transmission lines, to which the relay is applied. 相似文献
62.
63.
提出了一种快速自动测试光栅光谱衍射效率的新方法。重点推导了测试平面光栅绝对光谱衍射效率与相对光谱衍射效率公式,介绍了双光束高精度自动测试光栅光谱衍射效率曲线的基本原理、方案与方法,并分析了测试精度。研究表明,本方案的测试速度和精度均比一般测试方法提高一倍,并能有效地消除光源波动对测量结果的影响,测量误差小于5×10-3。 相似文献
64.
严峻的能源短缺、居高不下的原油价格、日益严重的环境问题已经成为制约中国经济、社会发展的瓶颈。改变现有的以化石能源为主的能源结构, 相似文献
65.
66.
67.
Kai Kang 《Fire Technology》2007,43(4):331-346
This paper presents an emergency evacuation analysis during a mid-platform train fire in an underground rail station. A time-based
evacuation scenario is developed taking into account the stairway inaccessibility due to smoke blockage. The calculation approach
in NFPA 130 is then applied to a parametric study of this time-based scenario and its reliability is examined using a micro-simulation
model. Both methods give consistent predictions of the exiting times. The results demonstrate that with the division of the
station into two zones, the exiting time could not meet the code requirements, whereas it does meet the required exiting time
without the division. Such division is due to smoke blockage and creates an uneven ratio of the occupant load to the available
exiting capacity. This shows that appropriate consideration of the fire and smoke effects is important for station egress
evaluation. Other issues such as the fire growth rate and the pre-evacuation time are also discussed. 相似文献
68.
Yu Yang Hugo Bender Kai Arstila Bart Swinnen Bert Verlinden Ingrid De Wolf 《Microelectronics Reliability》2008,48(8-9):1517-1520
Focused ion beam (FIB) and nano-probing were applied for failure analysis of three-dimensional stacked circuits with copper through-silicon-vias between the stacked chips. The failure analysis was done after high temperature storage and thermal cycling tests. Passive voltage contrast in FIB allowed to pinpoint the open sites. FIB cross-sections showed the presence of opens at the bottom of the copper vias. The failure cause was suspected to be an interlayer particle, which was confirmed by optical profilometry. Nano-probing was used on another sample to pinpoint the failure location through the measurement of the local resistance within the daisy chains. The failure was traced out to be related with surface contamination. 相似文献
69.
La doping effects on intergrowth Bi2WO6–Bi3TiNbO9 ferroelectric ceramics were studied by X-ray diffraction, electron probe microanalysis and dielectric spectroscopy. It was found that the La3+ distribution, ferroelectric phase transition and dielectric relaxation behavior are apparently affected by La doping. With increasing La3+ content, the site of dopant ion varies, the grain growth of Bi5TiNbWO15 is restrained, the Curie temperature is reduced and broadened. Furthermore, two dielectric relaxation loss peaks were observed both in temperature and frequency spectra. The calculated relaxation parameters revealed the oxygen vacancy related to the relaxation process. 相似文献
70.
Huiping Hu Qiyuan Chen Zhoulan Yin Pingmin Zhang Lusheng Ye 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》2003,34(13):793-797
The thermal decompositions of mechanically activated and nonactivated galenas were studied by thermogravimetry analysis (TGA)
at the heating rate of 10 K min−1 in argon. Results indicate that the initial temperature of thermal decomposition (abbreviated as T
di) in the TGA curves for different galenas decreases gradually with increased grinding time. The specific granulometric surface
area (S
G), the structural disorder, and the content of elemental sulfur of mechanically activated galenas were analyzed by an X-ray
diffraction (XRD) laser particle-size analyzer, XRD analysis, and the gravimetric method, respectively, which shows that the
specific granulometric surface area of mechanically activated galenas remains almost constant after a certain grinding time,
but the lattice distortions (ε) rise, the crystallite sizes (D) decrease, and the elemental sulfur contents of mechanically activated galenas increase with increased grinding time. The
results imply that the decrease of the initial temperature of thermal decomposition in the TGA curves for mechanically activated
galenas is mainly caused by the increase of lattice distortions, and the formation of new dangling bonds resulted from the
production of elemental sulfur of mechanically activated galenas with increased grinding time. Finally, the differences in
the thermal-decomposition reactivity between nonactivated and mechanically activated galenas were also discussed. 相似文献