Ozonation of CI Reactive Black 5 using rotating packed bed and stirred tank reactor

This study investigates the ozonation of CI Reactive Black 5 (RB5) by using the rotating packed bed (RPB) and completely stirred tank reactor (CSTR) as ozone contactors. The RPB, which provides high gravitational force by adjusting the rotational speed, was employed as a novel ozone contactor. The same ozone dosage was separately introduced into either the RPB or the CSTR for the investigation, while the experimental solution was continuously circulated within the apparatus consisting of the RPB and CSTR. The decolorization and mineralization efficiencies of RB5 in the course of ozonation are compared for these two methods. Moreover, the dissolved and off‐gas ozone concentrations were simultaneously monitored for the further analysis. As a result, the ozone mass transfer rate per unit volume of the RPB was significantly higher because of its higher mass transfer coefficient and gas–liquid concentration driving force. Furthermore, ozonation kinetics was found to be independent of the gravitational magnitude of an ozone gas–liquid contactor. Therefore, the results suggest employing RPBs as ozone‐contacting devices with the advantage of volume reduction. The experimental results, which can be used for further modeling of the ozonation process in the RPB, also show the requirement of correct design for the RPB. Consequently, the present study is useful for the understanding of practical application of RPBs. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Propagation of a quasi-shear horizontal acoustic wave in Z-Xlithium niobate plates [and conductivity sensor application]

It is found that an acoustic wave which is nearly polarized in the shear horizontal (SH) direction can propagate along the X axis of a Z-cut lithium niobate plate if the ratio h/λ, where h=plate thickness and λ=acoustic wavelength, is less than about 0.5. Attractive properties of this quasi-SH wave include: (1) phase velocity nearly constant for all values of h/λ; (2) ability to propagate in contact with a liquid medium; and (3) electromechanical coupling coefficient as high as 0.15. These properties make the wave attractive for use in a variety of sensor and signal processing applications. An example of sensor applications is illustrated by using the wave to measure conductivity of liquids (aqueous KCl solution). The frequency of a 12-MHz quasi-SH mode oscillator fabricated on a 0.48 wavelength thick Z-X lithium niobate plate is found to vary by more than 80 kHz for variation in KCI concentration from 0 to 0.15%     

Potential difference and photovoltaic effect arising from distortion of the electron wave function in a GaAs quantum well with a thin AlGaAs barrier

This paper discusses changes in the spectrum and distortion of the electron wave function of a GaAs quantum well when a thin AlGaAs barrier is introduced into it. The potential difference generated across the quantum well by distortion of the electron wave function is calculated, along with its dependence on the position of the barrier in the quantum well. The photovoltaic response of the structure to optical intersubband excitations is also calculated, along with the role of wave function and electronic spectrum distortion as well as intersubband nonradiative transitions in generating this response. The suitability of a GaAs quantum well with a thin barrier for use as an infrared detector is considered. Fiz. Tekh. Poluprovodn. 32, 1246–1250 (October 1998)     

Tomsk complex for neutron-transmutation doping of silicon

All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Nuclear Physics at the S. M. Kirov Tomsk Polytechnical University. Translated from Atomnaya énergiya, Vol. 79, No. 1, pp. 38–40, July, 1995.     

A microprocessor-based toggle-control lighting system

Analysis, design, practical consideration, and implementation of a microprocessor-based toggle-control lighting system are presented. The system is primarily configured with a power factor corrector (PFC), a square-wave voltage generator, a manually controlled toggle switch, and two relays. Toggling the toggle switch can select a different number of lamps in operation, resulting in a mutual dimming feature. A fluorescent lamp lighting system with this specific ballast gains the merits of lower system cost and more flexibilities in lighting fixture design, as compared to conventional systems     

Structured genetic algorithm for robust H∞ controlsystems design

A structured genetic algorithm (SGA) approach is developed for robust controller design based on the concept of an H^∞ loop-shaping technique and the method of inequalities. Such an SGA is capable of simultaneously searching the orders and coefficients of the precompensator and postcompensator for the weighted plant. It is, therefore, not necessary to predefine the order of compensators as in usual practice. A multiple objective ranking approach is also incorporated so that the design criteria of extreme plants can be easily achieved. The effectiveness of such a technique is illustrated by a high-purity distillation column design example