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Longjie Zhou A. Zimmermann Yu-Ping Zeng F. Aldinger 《Journal of Materials Science》2004,39(8):2675-2681
The bipolar electric fatigue behaviour of antiferroelectric ceramics with the composition of Pb0.88Ba0.10La0.02(Zr0.55Sn0.35Ti0.10)O3 was investigated under various cycling fields. The material exhibits a degradation in the maximum field induced strain, a diffuse AFE-FE phase transition and an enhancement in the diffusion character of the FE-AFE phase transition due to electric cycling. Those variations increase with cycle number, indicating a logarithmic fatigue up to 108 cycles. There is no indication for the variations to be recovered, and the symmetry of the negative and positive parts of the strain hysteresis loops still remains. Higher cycling field results in a stronger deterioration of the maximum field induced strain and a larger extent of diffusion in AFE-FE and FE-AFE phase transitions. The normalized maximum strain shows nearly the same scale of degradation when the materials are cycled at various electric fields. After a heat treatment at 500°C for 1 h, the variations in the AFE-FE and FE-AFE phase transition due to cycling disappear, whereas the maximum strain resumes almost to its original value. Electrochemical variations are considered to contribute to the main fatigue mechanism for the material under investigation. 相似文献
54.
In this paper, we present a static load balancing method for mapping production rules in an expert system onto processors of a message-passing multicomputer. The method uses simulated annealing to achieve a nearly optimal allocation of production rules onto processor nodes. The approach balances the initial rule distribution to avoid higher communication demand among processor nodes at run time. A formal mapping model is developed and a new cost function is defined for the annealing process. New heuristic swap functions and cooling policies are provided to ensure the quality of the annealing process. A software load balancing package, SIMAL, was implemented on a SUN workstation to carry out the benchmark experiments. The overhead associated with this mapping method is O(m In m), where m is the number of rules in the production system. Two benchmark production systems, Toru-waltz and Tourney, are mapped onto a hypercube computer with 32 nodes. Experimental benchmark results verify the effectiveness of the rule mapping method. The method can be applied for distributed artificial intelligence processing or for the parallel execution of cooperating expert systems on a message-passing multicomputer. 相似文献
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Central to cost-based competition is the capability to accurately predict the cost of delivering a project. Most literature on cost estimation focuses on specific estimation methods as generic techniques and little attention has been paid to the unique requirements at each project stage. This note attempts to identify the critical factors for effective estimation at various stages of typical construction projects. Drawing from organization control theory and cost estimating literature, this note develops a theoretical framework that identifies the critical factors for effective cost estimation during each project phase of a conventional construction project. The underlying logic is that as a cost estimating effort progresses, both task programmability and output measurability improve. As a result, control effort will shift from input-oriented control to a combination of output and behavior control. 相似文献
57.
A. Carpinteri S. Valente F. P. Zhou G. Ferrara G. Melchiorri 《Materials and Structures》1997,30(5):269-276
Three series of novel tensile and flexural creep tests on partially-damaged concrete specimens were carried out in order to gain some insight into creep crack growth and failure of strain-softening materials. In the tests, each specimen was initially loaded to a given point in the descending branch and thus had a lower load-carrying capacity than that at the peak-point. Then, the specimen was unloaded and reloaded to sustain a load which was from 70% to 95% of its current load-carrying capacity. Experimental creep curves display a three-stage process, consisting of primary, secondary and tertiary stages, with a decreasing, constant and increasing creep rate, respectively. The secondary stage dominates the whole failure lifetime, whereas both the secondary and tertiary stages are important in terms of creep deformation. Failure life-time seems to be more sensitive to the change of load level in flexural tests rather than in tensile tests. The decrease in load-carrying capacity due to damage tends to result in a shorter failure lifetime and a lower critical load level for creep rupture. The descending branch of the static load-deflection or load-CMOD curve may be used as an envelope criterion for creep fracture. 相似文献
58.
烧成及热处理工艺对钛酸锶铅基热敏材料性能及显微结构的影响 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
研究了烧成及热处理工艺对钛酸锶铅基热敏材料的阻温特性及显微结构的影响。通过扫描电镜(SEM)和能量分散仪(EDAX)分析了材料的显微结构及不同形貌晶粒的成份。通过对组成、烧成及热处理工艺的控制,可得到具有V型PTCR特性的热敏材料。 相似文献
59.
正交双频光栅CCD系统剪切干涉测量二维温度场 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
以半导体激光器为光源,利用正交双频光栅(ODFG)CCD系统剪切干涉对带平板边界的半圆柱体热源的二维温度场进行实时诊断,分析剪切干涉图时,用柱函数系作为拟合基底,给出二维自然对流温度场的定量分布。 相似文献
60.
改善磁盘阵列性能的方法 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
磁盘阵列是解决计算机I/O瓶颈问题的有效方法之一,通过对现有磁盘阵列结构的研究,提出了4种改善磁盘阵列性能的方法,即良分利用磁盘带宽,平衡多盘的负载,减少奇偶检验数据存取时间和磁盘阵列Cache技术等,分析结果表明:在事务处理应用领域,利用Cache来把小写转化为大写可大大改善目前一般情况下,以一道数据大小来作为磁盘的基本存取大小是合适的选择,磁盘阵列负载平衡设计不足是指正常模式下系统请求在多盘间 相似文献