Chemical,rheological and parotta making characteristics of flourmill streams

Chemical, rheological and parotta-making characteristics of wheat-milling flour streams were studied with the main aim of developing a speciality flour for parotta. Important quality characteristics such as ash, flour colour, dry gluten content, sedimentation value, free and bound lipid content, farinograph and alveograph characteristics of the mill streams were determined. The studies showed an increase in ash, gluten content and sedimentation value with increasing numbers of breaks in the flour streams. An increase in percentage whiteness and bound lipids was observed in the first five reduction passages (C1 to C5). The alveograph characteristics indicated that the average abscissa at rupture (L) length of the curve increased with increasing reduction streams from C1 to C5, and also that the curves were better balanced when compared to 1 BK to 5 BK. The parottas made from the first five break passages had a decreased spread ratio, dull brown colour, and fused layers and lower overall quality score (43–79). The initial reduction streams (C1 to C5) produced good quality parottas in terms of appearance, spread, layers and texture. The shear force values indicating the texture of the product ranged from 1,120 to 1,250 g. The speciality flour made by combining C1 to C5 streams had 0.45% ash, 9.63% dry gluten, 45 ml sodium dodecyl sulphate sedimentation value, 0.7% free lipid and 1.8% bound lipid and produced parottas having creamish white colour, excellent pliability, thin, transparent and distinct layers, soft texture and moderate chewiness. In the mouth the parottas broke down easily, without leaving any residue. The overall quality score of parotta was highest (93.5) for the speciality flour when compared to break and reduction streams (43–77 and 56–92 respectively).     

液相并流液-液-固三相浸出器的理论级计算

按双液相溶剂并流浸出破碎油菜籽的方式，建立了浸出器理论级计算模型。模型关联了各股物料相对流率、油脂在各流股的相平衡参数，考虑了菜籽粕对两相溶剂的夹带返混作用，计及了浸取级效率。该模型可用于求取满足一定浸出要求所需浸出器的理论级数，或用于求取正在使用浸出器的两相溶剂的返混程度和平均级效率。模型计算结果与串级实验测定结果吻合较好，串级实验的级效率在0．32—0．54之间。模型计算结果表明，甲醇相溶剂比(L／kg)的大小和菜籽粕夹带甲醇量的多少对油浸取级数影响不大，但已烷相溶剂比(L／kg)的大小和菜籽粕夹带己烷量的多少对油浸取级数影响明显。该理论级计算模型可用于浸出过程的设计，可为实际生产提供参考数据。     

Alpha-tocopherol concentration and stereoisomer composition in plasma and milk from dairy cows fed natural or synthetic vitamin E around calving

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of supplementing dairy cows with 1000 IU/day of all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (SynAc), RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (NatAc), or RRR-alpha-tocopherol (NatAlc), from approximately 3 weeks before estimated calving until 2 weeks after calving, on the concentration of alpha-tocopherol and its stereoisomers (RRR-, RSS-, RRS-, RSR- and the four 2S-forms of alpha-tocopherol) in blood and milk. An unsupplemented group was included as control. Blood samples were collected at 3, 2 and 1 weeks before estimated calving, at calving, and 3, 7 and 14 days after calving, while milk samples were taken twice within 24 h after calving and at 7 and 14 days in milk. Overall, time and treatment had significant effects on plasma alpha-tocopherol with higher concentrations in NatAc than in the other groups. In addition, SynAc had higher concentrations than Control, and NatAlc tended to be higher than Control. The lowest plasma concentrations were observed at calving and 3 days after calving. Independent of treatment, the concentration was higher in colostrum than in milk day 7 and 14 after calving. Analyses of the stereoisomer distribution in plasma and milk showed that, irrespective of dietary treatment, RRR-alpha-tocopherol was the most predominant form, constituting more than 86%, whereas the remaining part of alpha-tocopherol was made up by the three synthetic 2R isomers, while the 2S isomers only contributed less than 1% of the total alpha-tocopherol. In control cows and cows supplemented with natural vitamin E, the proportion of RRR-alpha-tocopherol in plasma and milk constituted more than 98% of the total alpha-tocopherol. In conclusion, the results indicate that daily oral supplementation of dairy cows with RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate gives the highest blood concentrations of alpha-tocopherol in the periparturient period. Analyses of the distribution of the individual stereoisomers of alpha-tocopherol further indicate that the bioavailability of RRR-alpha-tocopherol relative to synthetic stereoisomers in cattle is considerably higher than officially accepted until now.     

江坪河高面板堆石坝三维非线性结构有限元分析

采用三维非线性有限单元法对江坪河面板堆石坝施工填筑期和水库蓄水运行期的应力变形进行模拟计算，研究引用不同的堆石料参数（水布垭面板坝和天生桥一级电站面板坝材料参数）和不同的接触单元模型，分析不同时期产生的坝体应力和变形，且对江坪河面板坝与水布垭和天生桥面板的应力变形特性做了对比分析，为该坝的进一步优化设计提供了有益的建议。     

油脂氢化三元金属催化剂制备及性能研究(Ⅰ)——金属助剂及金属配比的研究

以铜、镍为主要活性组分 ,通过添加一些金属 (如La、Ce、Co、Mn、Cr)制成三元催化剂 ,比较了它们的活性和选择性 ,发现以Cr为助剂三元金属催化剂性能较好 ,其最佳金属配比是 2∶3∶0 1     

Application of exergy as thermodynamic indicator in ecology

We introduce a modified form of exergy named eco-exergy as an ecological indicator. Exergy of detritus and of various organisms are found based upon the definition of eco-exergy. Eco-exergy measures a system's deviation from chemical equilibrium. It is, therefore, crucial to find the concentration of detritus and the various organisms at chemical equilibrium which is possible by the calculation of the probability to form detritus and the various organisms by chemical equilibrium. It implies that the probability to form proteins with the right amino acid sequence must be determined by the use of the amount of coding genes. It is stressed that what we determine by this method of exergy calculation is a relative eco-exergy index. It is not possible to find the eco-exergy of entire ecosystems, because they are far too complex to allow us to know all the details of an ecosystem. The eco-exergy indices have been found in a few cases to demonstrate the usefulness of the method and to show how the exergy indices can be translated to applicable ecological information.     

Removal of nitrates from groundwater through the use of artificial wetlands

Intensive fertilizer use has led to nitrate contamination of groundwater in many areas. This article examines the possibility of removing nitrates through the construction of artificial wetlands. A pilot study conducted in Denmark has found that the method is effective and economical, at least for small waterworks, though further treatment is necessary before an acceptable microbiological water quality is attained.     

Effect of the initial dose of foot-and-mouth disease virus on the early viral dynamics within pigs

This paper investigates the early viral dynamics of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) within infected pigs. Using an existing within-host model, we investigate whether individual variation can be explained by the effect of the initial dose of FMD virus. To do this, we consider the experimental data on the concentration of FMD virus genomes in the blood (viral load). In this experiment, 12 pigs were inoculated with one of three different doses of FMD virus: low; medium; or high. Measurements of the viral load were recorded over a time course of approximately 11 days for every 8 hours. The model is a set of deterministic differential equations with the following variables: viral load; virus in the interstitial space; and the proportion of epithelial cells available for infection, infected and uninfected. The model was fitted to the data for each animal individually and also simultaneously over all animals varying only the initial dose. We show that the general trend in the data can be explained by varying only the initial dose. The higher the initial dose the earlier the development of a detectable viral load.     

Container loading with multi-drop constraints

In this paper, an algorithm for the container-loading problem (CLP) with multi-drop constraints is presented. When adding multi-drop constraints, we demand that the relevant boxes must be available, without rearranging others, when each drop-off point is reached. To make the solutions feasible in the real world, it is further demanded that all boxes are placed in a feasible manner with respect to load-bearing strength and with proper support from below. This makes it possible to load consignments originating from builder merchants. A heuristic based on a tree search framework is proposed. It uses greedy solutions to evaluate each choice taken. To make the framework more generic, a dynamic breadth is proposed. Based on problem characteristics and the time limit imposed, it will choose the breadth of the tree, making sure that the time is utilised most profitably. The algorithm is tested on new real-world data from a Danish company distributing construction products. For the solutions to these problems to be feasible in a real-world setting, both multi-drop and load-bearing strength constraints are essential. The obtained results show that the proposed model and algorithm are able to solve the new real-world problems in fractions of a second. Furthermore, results obtained on benchmark problems indicate that the algorithm performs comparably with other more specialised methods.     

河流生态系统研究的理论框架

讨论了河流生态系统的时空尺度。论述了景观、流域、河流廊道和河段4种空间尺度间的关系。阐述了河流生态系统的4种背景系统,即自然系统、经济系统、社会系统和工程系统。归纳了水文情势、河流地貌、流态和水质等4个主要生境要素。在此基础上进一步讨论了科学范式和模型的概念,介绍了多种重要生态系统结构与功能模型,提出了描述非生命变量和生命变量之间关系的河流生态系统结构与功能整体模型。最后,探讨了科学研究对于制定流域管理战略的意义以及相关技术开发的方向。