卧式单轴捏合反应器流动与混合特性的数值模拟

选取卧式单轴捏合反应器为研究对象,搭建了一个可视化实验装置来研究其分布混合过程,并且通过三维有限元数值模拟方法和网格重叠技术获取了高黏牛顿流体在反应器中的流速分布、剪切速率分布与混合指数分布,进一步采用粒子示踪技术分析了全局与局部分布混合过程,对示踪粒子的运动轨迹进行统计分析得到了拉伸率与混合效率,并且考察了搅拌结构对流动与混合过程的影响。结果表明,实验与数值模拟结果吻合较好。捏合反应器中几乎不存在流动死区,搅拌轴上的动态捏合杆与搅拌槽壁面上的静态捏合杆之间存在周期性的捏合作用,可以强化自清洁性能、剪切作用、整体与局部分布混合过程、分散混合性能以及混合效率。拉伸率随着混合时间以指数形式增加,时均混合效率大于零。     

基于分解算法的功热交换网络多目标优化

功热网络设计问题指在流程设计中对变压和换热过程进行耦合优化设计的问题,以此来提高整体系统的能效并降低成本。前人工作中一般采用数学规划法对功热网络建模优化。然而,由于存在变压过程和换热器面积计算的非线性约束,以及换热匹配的二元变量,整体模型往往是一个高度非凸的混合整数非线性规划模型,难以求解。本文提出一种高效的功热网络优化方法。模型中分别用透平压缩机和换热器实现功热网络中轴功和热的交换。求解过程采用分解算法,主问题中用随机算法对关键变量优化,功和热两个子网络问题中用确定性算法求解。目标函数考虑了经济和环境影响。案例测试对比了不同优化目标得到的结果以及多目标Pareto曲线,验证了所提出方法的高效性。     

关于天然气管网安全掺氢比10%的商榷

大力发展氢能是实现“碳达峰、碳中和”目标的重要途径之一。将氢气掺入现有天然气管网利于实现氢能经济高效、大规模输送与应用。安全掺氢比是掺氢天然气管输系统有待解决的关键问题之一。有观点提出当掺氢天然气中的掺氢比在10%以下时,可无需加以验证地直接通过天然气管网输送。本文提出从目前来看,该观点不成立。文章从管网系统掺氢适应性、示范项目掺氢比探讨和标准规范3个方面阐述了个中缘由。文中指出,掺氢天然气管输技术正处于起步阶段,其安全保障还面临诸多挑战,任何结论都需要经过反复论证和验证,以稳步推动氢能产业发展。     

国内外聚烯烃流化床技术专利分析

采用流化床进行烯烃聚合是聚烯烃制备的核心技术之一,本文以全球聚烯烃流化床技术相关专利为研究对象,从全球专利申请趋势、专利技术来源与布局等角度,研究了全球聚烯烃流化床专利技术的分布情况,并采用文本聚类、技术功效矩阵、合作网络分析等方法,分析领域技术发展趋势、主要技术分布以及全球技术竞争格局,同时针对核心申请人进行重点技术分析,为我国聚烯烃流化床技术的发展提供参考依据。分析表明：聚烯烃流化床领域技术处于技术稳定期,且存在明显的技术垄断现象,美国技术实力最强,中国属于技术输入国,本土技术研发实力与美国存在较大差距;催化剂研究是领域研究的重点方向,围绕聚合反应器方面的研究逐步成为热点;针对冷凝工艺与回收分离工艺的改进探索相对较少,国内企业与研发机构可以作为技术突破的方向。     

磷酸镁涂层高温后力学性能研究

磷酸镁涂层是一种新型、耐高温无机防火材料,同时,也是一种性能优异的工业钢结构无机防腐蚀材料。本文重点关注磷酸镁涂层在高温作用后的力学性能,通过试验系统研究了磷酸镁涂层在高温(100 ℃、200 ℃、300 ℃、400 ℃、500 ℃、700 ℃、900 ℃)作用后硬度、粘结强度等力学性能的变化,以及力学性能变化的微观机理。结果表明,高温后的磷酸镁涂层具有较好的完整性,表观无粉化、起泡、剥落和开裂等缺陷出现。相较于常温,高温后的磷酸镁涂层力学性能略有下降,其中300 ℃高温后的涂层粘结强度最低,且硬度下降最显著。此后随着温度升高,涂层力学性能有不同程度的提高。基于不同温度下微观表征和热重分析,揭示了造成磷酸镁涂层高温力学性能变化的四阶段高温演化机理。     

A New Design of Side Heater for 3D Solid-liquid Interface Improvement in G8 Directional Solidification Silicon Ingot Growth

Silicon - G8 ingots have a significant advantage in production capacity and yield improvement for directional solidification silicon. To improve the uniformity of the 3D solid/liquid (S/L)...     

Rational design on photoelectrodes and devices to boost photoelectrochemical performance of solar-driven water splitting: a mini review

As an eco-friendly, efficient, and low-cost technique, photoelectrochemical water splitting has attracted growing interest in the production of clean and sustainable hydrogen by the conversion of abundant solar energy. In the photoelectrochemical system, the photoelectrode plays a vital role in absorbing the energy of sunlight to trigger the water splitting process and the overall efficiency depends largely on the integration and design of photoelectrochemical devices. In recent years, the optimization of photoelectrodes and photoelectrochemical devices to achieve highly efficient hydrogen production has been extensively investigated. In this paper, a concise review of recent advances in the modification of nanostructured photoelectrodes and the design of photoelectrochemical devices is presented. Meanwhile, the general principles of structural and morphological factors in altering the photoelectrochemical performance of photoelectrodes are discussed. Furthermore, the performance indicators and first principles to describe the behaviors of charge carriers are analyzed, which will be of profound guiding significance to increasing the overall efficiency of the photoelectrochemical water splitting system. Finally, current challenges and prospects for an in-depth understanding of reaction mechanisms using advanced characterization technologies and potential strategies for developing novel photoelectrodes and advanced photoelectrochemical water splitting devices are demonstrated.     

Room-temperature hydrogenation of halogenated nitrobenzenes over metal–organic-framework-derived ultra-dispersed Ni stabilized by N-doped carbon nanoneedles

Ultra-dispersed Ni nanoparticles (7.5 nm) on nitrogen-doped carbon nanoneedles (Ni@NCNs) were prepared by simple pyrolysis of Ni-based metal–organic-framework for selective hydrogenation of halogenated nitrobenzenes to corresponding anilines. Two different crystallization methods (stirring and static) were compared and the optimal pyrolysis temperature was explored. Ni@NCNs were systematically characterized by wide analytical techniques. In the hydrogenation of p-chloronitrobenzene, Ni@NCNs-600 (pyrolyzed at 600 °C) exhibited extraordinarily high performance with 77.9 h^–1 catalytic productivity and > 99% p-chloroaniline selectivity at full p-chloronitrobenzene conversion under mild conditions (90 °C, 1.5 MPa H₂), showing obvious superiority compared with reported Ni-based catalysts. Notably, the reaction smoothly proceeded at room temperature with full conversion and > 99% selectivity. Moreover, Ni@NCNs-600 afforded good tolerance to various nitroarenes substituted by sensitive groups (halogen, nitrile, keto, carboxylic, etc.), and could be easily recycled by magnetic separation and reused for 5 times without deactivation. The adsorption tests showed that the preferential adsorption of –NO₂ on the catalyst can restrain the dehalogenation of p-chloronitrobenzene, thus achieving high p-chloroaniline selectivity. While the high activity can be attributed to high Ni dispersion, special morphology, and rich pore structure of the catalyst.     

高速航空柱塞泵研究现状

航空柱塞泵是飞机液压系统的核心动力元件,通过提高自身转速和压力来提高液压能源系统的功率密度。阐述了高转速航空柱塞泵的特点及分类,分析了高转速对航空柱塞泵带来的技术挑战,总结了国内外在高速柱塞泵研究领域的一些重要研究成果。详细阐述了航空柱塞泵在高速运动状态下的旋转组件动力学、吸油、排油、功率损失等特性,并提出了相应的防治措施。     

水热法合成ATO纳米粉体的研究

以SnCl4·5H2O和SbCl3为锡源和锑源,采用水热法制备锑掺杂氧化锡（ATO）纳米粉体,分析了锑掺杂量、水热时间、水热温度对ATO纳米粉体的影响。研究结果表明：在180℃的温度下水热反应16 h后,Sb元素全部固溶进SnO2的晶格,且分布比较均匀,ATO颗粒径在10 nm左右;粉体的晶粒径随锑掺杂量的增加而逐渐减小,但随水热时间的延长而逐渐增大;随着水热温度的升高,所得粉体由无定形向晶形转变,粉体的结晶性变好。