Mini Review on the Structure and Properties (Photocatalysis), and Preparation Techniques of Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nano-Based Particle,and Its Applications

Graphite carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) is well known as one of the most promising materials for photocatalytic activities, such as CO₂ reduction and water splitting, and environmental remediation through the removal of organic pollutants. On the other hand, carbon nitride also pose outstanding properties and extensive application forecasts in the aspect of field emission properties. In this mini review, the novel structure, synthesis and preparation techniques of full-bodied g-C₃N₄-based composite and films were revealed. This mini review discussed contemporary advancement in the structure, synthesis, and diverse methods used for preparing g-C₃N₄ nanostructured materials. The present study gives an account of full knowledge of the use of the exceptional structural and properties, and the preparation techniques of graphite carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) and its applications.     

江苏省太湖流域污染物排放变化规律及总量削减率的确定

基于江苏省2007年、2009—2011年4次污染源普查资料,选取COD和NH3-N为研究因子,统计江苏省太湖流域2007年、2009—2011年污染物排放变化规律;根据已核定的区域纳污能力以及总量控制值,对研究区域入河量及排放量进行削减分析(以2010年为现状年)。结果表明:12007年、2009—2011年江苏省太湖流域污染物排放总量逐年下降,其中城镇点源所占比例呈逐年下降趋势,面源比例呈增长趋势;2"十二五"期间,江苏省太湖流域COD和NH3-N的入河量削减率分别为20%和65%;3"十二五"期间,江苏省太湖流域COD和NH3-N的点源排放削减率分别为27%和35%。     

HYDRAULIC RESISTANCE OF SUBMERGED VEGETATION RELATED TO EFFECTIVE HEIGHT

Submerged vegetation has a significant impact on water flow velocity. Current investigations include the impact through adding drag resistance and increasing bottom roughness coefficient, which cannot elucidate the characters of real submerged vegetation. To evaluate the effects of submerged vegetation on water currents at different velocities, a laboratory experiment was conducted using three kinds of vegetations. The effective heights of these vegetations on varying flow velocities were evaluated. An equation describing the relationship between the normalized resistance of the submerged plants and the Reynolds number based on the plant effective height was then established and used to calculate the hydraulic resistance parameters of submerged plants in different stages of growth.     

临淮岗工程不同蓄水条件下的水质可达性分析

建立临淮岗工程淹没区在不同蓄水条件下的二维非稳态FVS格式水流水质模型,基于水量、水质同步实测数据对模型进行率定验证。运用所建模型对研究区域水流水质过程进行数值模拟,定量分析了研究区域在最不利条件下对临淮岗坝前水质的影响程度。对不同库容条件下在库区北部农业用水时的库区水质浓度场进行计算分析,结果表明:当上游边界来水为功能区Ⅲ类,临淮岗坝前COD、NH3-N和TP浓度都能达到GB 3838—2002Ⅲ类水质标准;当边界条件为枯水期水质时,临淮岗坝前的NH3-N浓度超标,超标率为28%,COD及TP均能达标。     

Toxic response of aquatic organisms to guide application of artemisinin sustained-release granule algaecide

In our previous study, we prepared the granules by embedding artemisinin into alginate-chitosan using microcapsule technology. Thesgranules can release artemisinin sustainably and have a strong inhibitory effect on the growth of both single Microcystis aeruginosa and mixealgae. To safely and effectively use artemisinin sustained-release granules to control algal blooms, the ecotoxicity was studied by assessing theacute and chronic toxicity to Daphnia magna(D. magna) and Danio rerio(D. rerio), along with their antioxidant activities. The results showethat the 48-h median effective concentration(EC50) of pure artemisinin to D. magna was 24.54 mg/L and the 96-h median lethal concentratio(LC50) of pure artemisinin to D. rerio was 68.08 mg/L. Both values were classified as intermediate toxicity according to the Organization foEconomic Co-operation and Development(OECD). The optimal algae inhibitory concentration of artemisinin sustained-release granules(1 g/Lhad low acute toxicity to both D. magna and D. rerio. The sustained-release granules had higher chronic toxicity to D. magna than to D. reriPartial indices of D. magna were inhibited by granules when the concentrations were larger than 0.1 g/L. Low granule concentration had ainductive effect on antioxidant enzyme activities in D. magna and D. rerio. With the increase of the exposure concentration and time, the enzymactivity presented a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, and the overall changes were significant. The change trend and range of enzymactivity indicated that the granules could cause serious oxidative stress to D. magna and D. rerio, and the changes were consistent with the resultof toxicity experimentation.     

Construction of Cu7S4@CuCo2O4 Yolk–Shell Microspheres Composite and Elucidation of Its Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity,Mechanism, and Pathway for Carbamazepine Degradation

Water pollution caused by the massive use of medicines has caused significant environmental problems. This work first reports the synthesis and characterization of the Cu₇S₄/CuCo₂O₄ (CS/CCO) yolk–shell microspheres via hydrothermal and annealing methods, and then investigates their photocatalytic performance in removing organic water pollutants. The 10-CS/CCO composite with yolk–shell microspheres exhibits the highest photodegradation rate of carbamazepine (CBZ), reaching 96.3% within 2 h. The 10-CS/CCO also demonstrates more than two times higher photodegradation rates than the pure (Cu₇S₄) CS and (CuCo₂O₄) CCO. This outstanding photocatalytic performance can be attributed to the unique yolk–shell structure and the Z-scheme charge transfer pathway, reducing multiple reflections of the acting light. These factors enhance the light absorption efficiency and efficiently transfer photoexcited charge carriers. In-depth, photocatalytic degradation pathways of CBZ are systematically evaluated via the identification of degradation intermediates with Fukui index calculation. The insights gained from this work can serve as a guideline for developing low-cost and efficient Z-scheme photocatalyst composites with the yolk–shell structure.     

骆马湖水质对菹草不同生长期的响应研究

采用原位观测手段研究了骆马湖菹草生长区水质与菹草不同生长期的响应关系。结果表明:指数生长期和石芽生成期,水体中的pH值、ORP值和DO质量浓度升高,COD质量浓度降低;植株衰亡期则相反,菹草腐烂导致有草区的水体TP质量浓度升高,但是由于反硝化作用,水体中TN与硝氮质量浓度反而下降。菹草在生长过程中直接吸收水体中的硝氮,对氨氮的去除则为间接作用,此时水体中的氮以硝氮为主;当菹草衰亡时,氨氮成为水体中氮的主要存在形态。菹草密度是影响水体各形态氮浓度的重要因素,在菹草生长时,菹草密度与TN和硝氮质量浓度显著负相关(P 0.01);当菹草衰亡时,与菹草稀疏区相比,菹草密集区TN和硝氮质量浓度更低,而氨氮质量浓度更高。指数生长期,骆马湖最优菹草密度为83.75 g/m~3。     

Tracking the Propagation of Solar Ultraviolet Radiation: Dispersal of Ultraviolet Photons in Inland Waters

Solar extraterrestrial ultraviolet radiation is tracked from its impingement upon the Earth's atmosphere to its dispersal in natural inland waters. This is accomplished through the use of a solar spectral irradiance model, a water column optical model, directly measured (AES monitoring network) values of ground-level ultraviolet radiation and stratospheric ozone, optical properties of aquatic matter indigenous to Lake Ontario and Waskesiu Lake, Setlow DNA damage action spectrum, and phyto-plankton photosynthesis inhibition spectrum. The conclusions from such a combined theoretical/experimental study include a) the presence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) provides an effective UV-B shield for aquatic organisms despite the absorption spectra of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) indigenous to North American waters displaying substantial variations, b) UV absorption for a given DOC concentration varies from water body to water body, c) when UV irradiance is weighted according to the Set-low DNA damage action spectrum, the physical depth of the 1% of surface irradiance level decreases, i.e., attenuation ofSetlow-weighted irradiance is greater than attenuation of actual UV-B irradiance, d) a single mathematical relationship can relate the change in Setlow-weighted daily irradiation at the surface of the Earth to ozone layer depletion while another single relationship can relate the change in depth-averaged Setlow-weighted daily irradiation to ozone layer depletion, these single relationships being applicable throughout the year for all mid-to-high latitudes, e) the increase in Setlow-weighted irradiation due to ozone layer depletion decreases with depth in the water column, f) phytoplankton photosynthesis inhibition by UV-A significantly exceeds inhibition by UV-B, g) inhibition of phytoplankton photosynthesis in many inland waters will not be significantly impacted by ozone layer thinning, h) modeling ground-level and subsurface values of ultraviolet radiation provides a suitable surrogate for the direct measurement of the minuscule and spectrally steep UV radiation, i) the highly diffusive character of the ground-level UV-B irradiance results in the reflectance of UV-B from the water being essentially constant (5% to 8%) throughout the year and the transmission of UV-B across the air-water interface being virtually unaffected by surface waves, j) in the absence of suspended sediments, the contribution of chlorophyll-bearing biota to the spectral UV photon budget is in anti-phase with the contribution of DOM, while the contributions of water and surface reflectance are comparable, small, and relatively constant, k)for the water bodies considered, dissolved organic matter accounts for the largest component of the UV photon budget.