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通过对北方农村地区供暖方式的调查,在以火炕为主要供暖方式的既有农宅基础上提出了一种基于燃池的新型灶连炕系统。该新型灶连炕系统的创新点在于将小型燃池放入灶下部,利用燃池阴燃的原理改善了夜间炕面温度下降速度快的问题。针对该系统进行不同工况下的热源特性分析,并将其与传统炕在炕面温度、炕面温度标准差、炕体蓄放热特性、炕体散热能力方面进行对比分析。结果表明燃池实际阴燃燃烧过程中出现逆向阴燃,这与燃池内部空气量的多少有关;该新型系统能有效维持夜间炕面温度处于人体热舒适范围内,采用阴燃后可使炕面温度分布更加均匀,炕面所提供的散热量有78.1%满足房间热负荷,避免了人们夜间重新填料,为该系统的推广应用提供依据。 相似文献
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从历史和系统的角度重新审视现代室内环境构筑的策略和技术是保证社会可持续性发展的重要课题。本文通过分析农耕文明与工业文明时期建筑用能的变化趋势,从生产力和生产关系发展的角度阐述了不同生产力发展时期生活方式对建筑环境营造策略和技术发展变化趋势的影响,总结了不同时期建筑环境营造策略和技术的特点,提出了中国在面临能源、环境、健康三大危机时,集成式的自然调节建筑设计方法和理论、建筑室内环境适应性热舒适标准理论和基于中医理论的室内环境健康标准理论是现代中国建筑环境营造策略和技术的必然之选和发展方向。 相似文献
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《Fuel》2006,85(7-8):1125-1130
Specified mixtures of peat with bark and peat with straw were burned in a lab-scale entrained flow reactor that simulates conditions in the superheater region of a conventional biomass-fired boiler. The deposition rates were recorded on an air-cooled probe that was inserted into the reactor at the outlet. For both mixtures, the deposition behaviour followed a non-linear pattern, which suggests that physico-chemical interaction between the types of ash has taken place. Peat seems to act as a cleansing agent in all mixtures with straw, while it acts as a cleansing agent in mixtures with bark only up to a share of 50 wt% bark. Between 50 and 100 wt% bark, it seems that peat adds to the deposition. The results indicate that it is possible to burn up to 30 wt% bark (renewable biofuel and pulp mill waste) and up to 70 wt% straw (renewable biofuel and agricultural waste) in mixtures with peat (CO2-neutral fossil fuel) without encountering increased deposition rates. 相似文献
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This work considers the application of classification algorithms for data-driven fault diagnosis of batch processes. A novel data selection methodology is proposed which enables online classification of detected disturbances without requiring the estimation of unknown (future) process behavior, as is the case in previously reported approaches.The proposed method is benchmarked in two case studies using the Pensim process model of Birol et al. (2002) implemented in RAYMOND. Both a simple k Nearest Neighbors (k-NN) and complex Least Squares Support Vector Machine (LS-SVM) are employed for classification to demonstrate the generic nature of the proposed approach. In addition, the influence of different data pretreatment methods on the classification performance is discussed, together with a motivation for selecting the correct pretreatment steps. Finally, the influence of the number of available training batches is studied.The results demonstrate that a good classification performance can be achieved with the proposed data selection method even with a low number of faulty training batches by exploiting knowledge on the nature of the to-be-diagnosed faults in the data pretreatment. This provides a proof of concept for classification-based batch diagnosis and demonstrates the importance of incorporating process insight in the construction of data-driven process monitoring and diagnosis tools. 相似文献
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《Electric Power Systems Research》2007,77(5-6):594-603
A monthly transmission rights (TR) auction issuing both point-to-point financial transmission rights (FTRs) and flow-gate rights (FGRs) is studied in this paper. Initially, a locational marginal pricing (LMP) based energy market is presented, in which the linear security constrained optimal power flow (SCOPF) problem is solved for each hour of system operation, determining the nodal prices, the transmission link capacity prices and the transmission congestion charges (TCCs) that should be collected by the ISO in case of congestion. A monthly auction is conducted in the TR market issuing FTR obligations, FTR options and FGRs to market players, building a link between all types of transmission rights under the same market structure. Combining the advantages of financial and physical rights, the market efficiency can be enhanced by offering a variety of choices for risk management to market players. The monthly TR auction is tested on several case studies using the IEEE three-area RTS96 and useful conclusions are drawn concerning the utility of the various types of transmission rights as compared to one another, in terms of the reimbursement they provide to their holders. 相似文献
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The promotion of the adoption of renewable energies in deprived and remote areas can be considered as an important step towards reduction of threats to the loss of biodiversity through community mobilization. One important outcome is mitigation of the deforestation processes through firewood collection. The aim is achievement of sustainable development of the forest biodiversity, awareness raising and the capacity building for execution of similar projects. The social and economical aspects and the obstacles for execution of such project were investigated and guidelines were prepared to facilitate the promotion of renewable energy in similar small communities. 相似文献
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《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2020,45(10):5793-5815
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting provides a prominent strategy for harnessing solar energy in the production of sustainable hydrogen fuel from water. Over the past few decades, extensive efforts have been devoted to develop advanced electrodes for efficient PEC water splitting. This review presents the recent progress in the development of efficient photoanodes through two major approaches: surface modification, including co-catalyst-loading, passivation, and defect engineering; and bulk modification, including hybridization, dopant engineering, and structural control. By virtue of bulk and surface modification a considerable improvement in PEC activity has been obtained so far. Photocurrent response of various anodes observed in the range of 0.063 mA cm−2 – 8.5 mA cm−2 (as listed in Table 1) require further improvement to upgrade the overall performance efficiency of PEC cells.This review also provides a systematic overview of the fundamentals of PEC water splitting, as well as the key challenges and notable achievements made so far in terms of electrode design and material modification. Finally, future research perspectives that will further advance this field are discussed. The contribution of this paper is to provide fundamental information about bulk and surface modifications, which will aid in the design of advanced electrodes for high-performance PEC cells. 相似文献
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