This research presents bending responses of FG-GPLRC plates based upon higher order shear deformation theory (HSDT) for various sets of boundary conditions. The rule of the mixture and modified Halpin–Tsai model are engaged to provide the effective material constant of the composite layers. By employing Hamilton’s principle, the governing equations of the structure are derived and solved with the aid of the differential quadrature method (DQM). Afterward, a parametric study is done to present the effects of three kinds of FG patterns, weight fraction of the GPLs, radius ratio, and thickness to inner radius ratio on the bending characteristics of the FG-GPLRC disk. Numerical results reveal that in the initial value of the \(Zt/h\), using more GPLs for reinforcing the structure provides an increase in the normal stresses but this matter is inverse for the higher value of the \(Zt/h\). The results show that considering the smaller radius ratio is a reason for boosting the shear stresses of the structure for each \(Zt/h\). Another consequence is that for the negative value of \(Zt/h\), it is true that by increasing \(h/{R}_{i}\) , the normal stresses increases but if there is positive value for \(Zt/h\), the radial and circumferential stresses fall down by having an increase in the \(h/{R}_{i}\).
Neodymium doped bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3, BFO) nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by a facile sol–gel route. The influence of annealing temperature, time, Bi content and solvent on the crystal structure of BFO was studied. Results indicated that the optimum processing condition of BFO products was 550–600 °C/1.5 h with excess 3–6% Bi and ethylene glycol as solvent. On the other hand, Nd3+ ion was introduced into the BFO system and the effect of Nd3+ concentration on the structure, magnetic and dielectric properties of BFO were investigated. It was found that the magnetization of BFO was enhanced significantly with Nd3+ substitution, being attributed to the suppression of the spiral cycloidal magnetic structure led by the crystal structure transition. Furthermore, with increasing Nd3+ content, the dielectric constant was found to decrease while the dielectric loss was enhanced, which was mainly due to the hoping conduction mechanism with the reduction of oxygen vacancies. 相似文献
The intermittent wind power in isolated hybrid distributed generation (IHDG) may cause serious problems associated with frequency (f) and power (P) fluctuation. Energy storage devices such as battery, super capacitor, and superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) may be used to reduce these fluctuations associated with f and P. This paper presents a study of IHDG power system for improving both f and P deviation profiles with the help of SMES. The studied IHDG power system is consisted of wind turbine generator and diesel engine generator. Both f and P control problems of the studied power system model are addressed in presence or absence of SMES. Fuzzy logic based proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller with SMES is used for the purpose of minimization of f and P deviations. The different tunable parameters of the PID controller and those of the SMES are tuned by a novel quasi-oppositional harmony search algorithm. Performance study of the IHDG power system model is carried out under different perturbation conditions. The results demonstrate minimum f and P deviations may be achieved by using the proposed fuzzy logic based PID controller along with SMES. 相似文献
This paper addresses the nonlinear stress-strain response in glass fibre non-crimp fabric reinforced vinylester composite laminates subjected to in-plane tensile loading. The nonlinearity is shown to be a combination of brittle and plastic failure. It is argued that the shift from plastic to brittle behaviour in the vinylester is caused by the state of stress triaxiality caused by the interaction between fibre and vinylester. A model combining damage and plasticity is calibrated and evaluated using data from extensive experimental testing. The onset of damage is predicted using the Puck failure criterion, and the evolution of damage is calibrated from the observed softening in plies loaded in transverse tension. Shear loading beyond linear elastic response is observed to result in irreversible strains. A yield criterion is implemented for shear deformation. A strain hardening law is fitted to the stress-strain response observed in shear loaded plies. Experimental results from a selection of laminates with different layups are used to verify the numerical models. A complete set of model parameters for predicting elastic behaviour, strength and post failure softening is presented for glass fibre non-crimped fabric reinforced vinylester. The predicted behaviour from using these model parameters are shown to be in good agreement with experimental results. 相似文献
Cr2O3 is a well-known corrosion resistant oxide used in refractory applications. However, it can oxidize into toxic and water-soluble Cr(VI) compounds upon reaction with calcium aluminate cement phases in the presence of oxygen, which subsequently causes disposal problems after use. This study describes the extent to which chromium in the spinel Mg(Al,Cr)2O4 phase can be oxidized to Cr(VI) when it reacts with the calcium aluminate cement phases C12A7, CA, CA2 and free CaO at 1300 °C in air, using XRD, XPS and leaching tests (TRGS 613 standard) as analytical tools. On reaction with CaO, the Mg(Al,CrIII)2O4 spinel mainly transformed into hauyne (Ca4Al6CrVIO16) and Ca5Cr3O12 which contains both Cr(IV) and Cr(VI). The reaction of C12A7 and CA with the spinel phase also resulted in the formation of Ca4Al6CrO16. Conversely, the reaction of Mg(Al,CrIII)2O4 spinel with CA2 resulted in the formation of only a trace amount of Cr(VI). Water-soluble Cr(VI) leached in large quantities (>100 mg/L) from samples where the Mg(Al,CrIII)2O4 reacted with either C12A7 or CA. Almost no Cr(VI) leached from the sample when Mg(Al,CrIII)2O4 reacted with CaO, using the standard TRGS 613 leach test, but a significant amount of Cr(VI) was released into solution when leached with a HCl solution for 12 h. Both Cr(IV) and Cr(VI) present in the Ca5Cr3O12 dissolved into acidic solution. Only a small amount of Cr(VI) leached from the sample that resulted when spinel was reacted with CA2, even after a prolonged HCl leach. Cr(III) in spinel Mg(Al,Cr)2O4 is very stable and does not leach in either distilled water or acidic solution. 相似文献
A novel AlSiMgAl2O4Al2O3 composite brick was prepared and evaluated in the low vessel of an RH (the initials of Ruhrstahl and Hereaeus) secondary refining furnace; it was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The results show that after use, the AlSiMgAl2O4Al2O3 composite has a functional gradient with an erosion zone–reinforced zone–original zone phase distribution, in which the phases in the erosion zone (0–1.8?cm) are a Mg-hercynite spinel solid solution, α-Al2O3, and minor amount of Al3Fe5O12. Furthermore, the phases in the reinforced zone (1.8–5.0?cm) are γ-AlON, 21RSiAlON, SiC, Mg0.388Al2.408O4, and α-Al2O3; i.e., the Al and Si in the composite are completely converted into non-oxide reinforced phases. Finally, the phases in the original zone (>5.0?cm) show no change. The reaction mechanism is as follows. During operation, a Mg-hercynite spinel solid solution is formed in the erosion zone due to a reaction between MgAl2O4 and FeO from a refinery operation. Therefore, the slag erosion of the material is improved. The Al and Si metals undergo active oxidation, and 21RSiAlON flakes are subsequently formed from the products of the metastable Al2O(g), SiO(g), and N2(g) in the ambient. The γ-AlON is formed by a carbothermal reduction nitridation of the α-Al2O3 and residual active carbon from the resin binder. The 21RSiAlON and γ-AlON reinforce the composite brick and improve its high temperature performance accordingly. Its service life is 110% that of the magnesia-chrome bricks used in the same period. The reaction model was also established. 相似文献
Effect of stoichiometry on microstructures, electrochemical properties and PCT characteristics of the alloys MI(Ni0.71Co0.15-Al0.06Mn0.08)x (MI=Lanthanum-rich Michmetal, x=4.6~5.2) have been investigated. The lattice constants a, c, and cellvolumes of non-stoichiometric alloys are bigger than those of the stoichiometric alloy. With the increasing stoichiometry x,the value of a decreases, and the value of c and cell volume increases except for those of the stoichiometric alloy; the plateaupressure of PCT curve, discharge capacity and cycling stability all increase. The alloy with x=5.2 shows the highest dischargecapacity and the best cycling stability among the studied alloys. 相似文献