An Initial Inventory and Indexation of Groundwater Mega-Depletion Cases

The state of groundwater systems worldwide is presently not well defined, and in particular there is little context for agencies responsible for managing water resources to evaluate occurrences of groundwater depletion against other cases globally. In this study, an initial inventory of groundwater depletion problems is compiled and ranked to identify the world’s most critical cases, i.e. situations of groundwater mega-depletion. The ranking is based on an indexed approach that considers overdraft, drawdown and subsidence, plus the importance of the resources in terms of population-dependency and rates of extraction. The five most highly ranked depleted aquifers of the world include the shallow aquifers of the Hai River Plain (China), the Altiplano region (Spain), the Mexico Basin (Mexico), the Huang River basin (China) and the California Central Valley (USA). An abridged account of modelling to assess drawdown is described for the Hai River Plain, revealing that despite recharge in the order of 13,000 GL/yr, an overdraft of about 8,000 GL/yr is occurring to support the vast population of the region. This has led to up to 100 m of drawdown in places and reports of subsidence of several metres. The Hai River situation demonstrates that falling water levels may not act to alleviate pumping stresses; a symptom of unchecked extraction and an exemplary illustration of the tragedy of the commons. The causal factors leading to mega-depletion are varying across the globe and each mega-depletion case contains unique elements, although population appears to be an important factor.     

The optimal retrieval of ocean color constituent concentrations based on the variational method

In this paper, a new approach to the optimal retrieval of the ocean color based on the variational method is developed by setting up a rational target functional combining with the Broydor Fletcher, Goldfarb, Shanno (BFGS) optimal algorithm. The numerical tests and the exemplary retrievals are carried out and compared with the statistical retrievals and the optimal retrievals based on the genetic algorithm. The results show that this approach enjoys a higher accuracy as compared to the statistical method and a higher efficiency as compared to the genetic algorithm. The optimal retrieval method presented in this paper provides a new idea for the ocean color inversion and could also be used as a reference for the direct assimilation of the satellite data into the ecological models.     

Water and Sediment Quality in Lakes along the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River, China

Water and sediment samples were collected from 45 lakes along the middle-lower Yangtze River, China. Each lake was sampled seasonally, over a period of one year. Water quality variables and metals in sediments were measured. Lakes along the lowest part of the river, within the Yangtze River Delta, had highest nutrient concentrations and were eutrophic or hypereutrophic. Lakes displayed a gradient in many water chemistry variables, from the middle to the lower Yangtze River. Lakes of the Delta region had the highest conductivity, sulfate, turbidity, and Chl-a values, and the lowest dissolved oxygen concentrations. A number of lakes near urban areas in the study region also displayed similar conditions. Lakes polluted by heavy metals were found in the upper part of the lower Yangtze River and had high Cu, Cr, and Co concentrations in sediments. The mean I_geo (index of geoaccumulation) values for Cu, Cr, and Co classes ranged from 0 to 4, indicating moderate to heavy contamination, contributed mainly from untreated industrial waste water produced within the lake catchments. Lakes of the middle Yangtze River are generally in relatively better condition, except for those around urban zones, which experience higher nutrient and heavy metal loading. The spatial distribution of lake conditions in the area can be related to the policy of regional economic development. The Delta region in China is developed and includes such cities as Shanghai and Suzhou. Heavy industries have moved into the interior region of China too, and development of modern cities is now occurring under some level of environmental protection. Nevertheless, lakes in the central part are becoming seriously polluted with both heavy metals and nutrients because local authorities promote industrialization and urbanization to improve economic conditions, while often ignoring environmental protection. Pollution is increasingly occurring in upstream reaches, a tendency that will bring more environmental problems. Interior lakes of China require immediate attention to prevent further declines in water quality.     

基于温度植被干旱指数的黄河源区土壤表层含水量反演

为了对黄河源区的土壤表层含水量进行反演与时空分析,利用黄河源区2006年第65—321天MODIS温度和植被指数产品数据,计算了温度植被干旱指数(TVDI),构建了不同像元尺度窗口的LST/NDVI斜率与实测表层土壤相对含水量之间的线性关系,比较了不同尺度像元窗口的拟合效果。分析结果表明:9×9像元窗口的拟合效果(回归系数R2为0.65)优于其他像元窗口尺度;季节尺度的拟合精度(回归系数R2为0.76)优于长时间序列的拟合精度;夏季模拟值与实测值的均方根误差为0.09,模拟精度满足实验要求,可用于黄河源区短时间序列的土壤表层含水量反演。     

基于区块链的分布式能源交易关键技术

分布式能源凭借能效高、运行灵活、经济性好等特点,逐渐成为发电的重要来源。区块链技术的去中心化、公开透明等特性与分布式能源的交易需求相吻合,探索基于区块链的分布式能源交易有助于消纳能源,降低信用成本。首先从双方的典型特征方面,分析了区块链技术与分布式交易的契合度;接着介绍了区块链技术在提高交易处理效率方面的新发展,以及结合了区块链技术的分布式能源交易理论研究与实际应用;然后,从点对点(P2P)交易、集合竞价以及连续双边拍卖3个方面,分析了国内外在区块链交易方面的研究现状;最后给出了中国在区块链参与消纳分布式能源、建设需求响应管理等方面的建议。     

物联网在智能电网中的应用

针对智能电网中出现的问题,提出了将物联网与智能电网相结合的方法。介绍了物联网的关键技术,总结了智能电网的概念、特点,构建了面向智能电网的物联网结构模型,分析了物联网在智能电网输电、变电、配电、用电各个环节对应的需求,指出物联网技术融入智能电网的关键技术,对未来智能电网的发展也起到积极的推动作用。     

基于电力需求响应的负荷管理系统

文中对电力需求侧管理和需求响应的概念进行了介绍,在此基础上,对电力负荷管理系统的发展进行回顾,并结合智能电网的建设,从电力需求响应的视角,指出了电力负荷管理系统的参考发展方向,电力负荷管理主站应能掌握用户响应能力数据,负控终端应具有精细化用电控制能力.通过电力负荷管理系统,为需求响应的实施作准备.     

Streamflow response to climate variability and human activities in the upper catchment of the Yellow River Basin

Both sensitivity-based method and simulation method are used to analyze the streamflow response to climate variability and human activities in the upper catchment of the Yellow River Basin (UYRB) in this study. The separation regime of effects from climate variability and human activities is investigated. Results show that the changes of streamflow are more sensitive to precipitation than potential evapotranspiration (PET). Effect of climate variability on streamflow estimated using the sensitivity-based method is weak in the upper catchment of Jimai station, and strong in the upper catchment of Lanzhou station, where the climate effects accounted for about 50% of total streamflow changes. Effects of human activities on streamflow accounted for about 40% in the UYRB, with weaker effects in the upper catchment of Tangnaihai station than those in the upper catchment of Lanzhou station. Both climate variability and human activities are main factors to affect the changes of streamflow in the UYRB.     

接种氧化亚氮(N2O)还原细菌YSQ030对复垦土壤N2O排放和氮循环关键功能基因的影响

复垦土地是重要的后备土地资源,但通常土壤结构差、有机质和养分含量低;增施有机肥是快速提升地力的关键途径,但会造成温室气体如氧化亚氮(N₂O)的大量排放.接种具有N₂O还原功能的植物根际促生菌(PGPR)不仅能够减少温室气体排放,还能促进作物生长.本研究以一株具有N₂O还原功能的PGPR反硝化无色杆菌(Achromobacter denitrificans) YSQ030为供试菌株,明确接种YSQ030对施用有机肥的复垦土壤N₂O排放和氮循环关键功能基因的影响.通过设置施用有机无机复混肥和羊粪有机肥的土壤微宇宙试验,利用气相色谱仪分析接种YSQ030后土壤N₂O排放通量,进一步计算累积排放量;在试验结束后分析土壤pH、EC(电导率)、硝态氮和铵态氮含量,并利用实时荧光定量PRC分析土壤硝化功能基因(AOA amoA和AOB amoA)和反硝化功能基因(nirS、nirK、nosZ Ⅰ 和nosZ Ⅱ)的丰度.结果显示,施用有机无机复混肥和羊粪有机肥的土壤中接种YSQ030明显减少复垦土壤N₂O排放,N₂O排放量最大减少分别达90.4％和30.6％.施用有机无机复混肥处理的N₂O排放量远高于施用羊粪有机肥处理,这可能是由于施用有机无机复混肥的土壤与施用羊粪有机肥的土壤相比,土壤中编码反硝化细菌N₂O还原酶基因nosZ Ⅰ 和非典型反硝化细菌N₂O还原酶基因nosZ Ⅱ 基因丰度较低.施用有机无机复混肥均显著降低土壤硝化和反硝化功能基因丰度,而施用羊粪有机肥对土壤硝化和反硝化功能基因丰度大多没有明显影响.本研究表明,接种YSQ030能够减少施用有机肥土壤的N₂O排放,将为复垦土壤地力提升和N₂O减排提供科学依据,也将为研发新型微生物肥料或生物有机肥提供核心菌种资源.     

基于多馈入直流评估指标的江苏电网安全稳定性研究

针对多馈入直流的接入对江苏电网安全稳定性会产生较大影响的问题,建立基于多馈入等效短路比、多馈入影响因数和换相失败系数对多馈入直流接入电网的安全稳定性评估方法,并应用于江苏电网安全稳定性仿真分析计算中。多馈入影响因数指标计算结果表明,江苏电网属于强交流系统,其安全稳定性较高,满足安全稳定运行要求。其中锦苏直流位于受端中心,容量较大,严重故障下容易发生换相失败。通过在锦苏直流近区电网安装动态无功补偿装置能够改善直流换相失败问题。