新筛选菌种Delftia sp.XYJ5生物降解苯胺的途径

A promising gram-negative bacterial strain for the biodegradation of aniline as the sole carbon, nitrogen and energy sources was successfully isolated and identified as Delftia sp. XYJ6. The optimal temperature and pH for both the growth of Delftia sp. XYJ6 and the biodegradation of aniline were 30°C and 7.0, respectively. Initial aniline of 2000 mg•L－1 could be completely removed by the strain at 22 h, which showed that Delftia sp. XYJ6 had a strong ability in the biodegradation of aniline. It indicated that aniline was firstly converted to catechol catalyzed by aniline dioxygenase as a first product, which was then further biodegraded to cis,cis-muconic acid catalyzed by the catechol 1,2-dioxygenase of Delftia sp. XYJ6 as a second product. Cis,cis-muconic acid could also be further biodegraded to other small compound again. The pathway for the biodegradation of aniline by Delftia sp. XYJ6 was not previously reported.     

废旧阴极射线管玻璃高温自蔓延处理技术

将高温自蔓延反应原理应用于废旧阴极射线管(CRT)的处理,采用镁和氧化铁作为热剂,研究了废弃CRT玻璃高温自蔓延烧结合成玻璃陶瓷的可行性,考察了Fe_2O_3-Mg-CRT玻璃自蔓延体系的反应特性,探索了不同物料配比时燃烧波的传播规律.结果表明,系统维持自蔓延的CRT玻璃最大加入量为70%(质量分数,下同);燃烧波传播速率为0.5～6.5 mm/s,温度为1000～2000 ℃;两者均随CRT玻璃的加入量增加而呈线性降低.高温自蔓延合成样品主要构成相为玻璃陶瓷,可以实现铅的有效固定,处理后样品中铅的环境浸出率远小于相关国内和国际环境标准.     

颗粒化铁-铝-铈纳米吸附剂的除氟性能

采用在流化床中喷雾包覆方法将纳米吸附剂包覆在玻璃珠表面制备颗粒化吸附剂,考察了所制颗粒化纳米铁-铝-铈复合氧化物吸附剂在含氟水中的除氟性能. 结果表明,含氟初始浓度为10 mg/L时,颗粒化吸附剂的吸附速率符合拟一级反应动力学模型,吸附等温线符合Langmuir吸附模型,饱和吸附量达5.9 mg/g. 吸附容量随含氟水初始pH值升高而降低,吸附过程中溶液pH值逐渐趋近于中性;含氟水中其他阴离子对F-的吸附存在不同程度的竞争,竞争离子的影响顺序为NO3-"Cl-相似文献   

Effects of changes in the UK energy-demand and environmental legislation on atmospheric pollution by oxides of nitrogen and black smoke

It has been demonstrated that the combustion of fossil fuels accounts for 95% of oxides of nitrogen and 90% of black-smoke emissions to the atmosphere over the 1970–1994 period. The study has shown that the overall NO_x emissions, over this period, have decreased by a modest 5%. Only the transport sector is seen to have increased its emission of NO_x. In contrast, black-smoke emissions are shown to have plummeted by 60% over this period. The overwhelming reason for this has been the decline in the demand for coal in the domestic sector. By 1994, over 50% of NO_x and black smoke was generated by road traffic. Petrol has been the major generator of NO_x and diesel the main producer of black smoke. Three pieces of legislation were brought into force to limit the emissions from power-generating plant and petrol-driven road traffic. It has been shown that significant reductions in NO_x emissions could be achieved in the power-generating sector by the increased use of CCGT and by adopting new energy technology.     

Cu(II)-catalyzed THM formation during water chlorination and monochloramination: A comparison study

The catalytic effect of Cu(II) on trihalomethane (THM) formation during chlorination and monochloramination of humic acid (HA) containing water was comparatively investigated under various pH conditions. Results indicate that in the presence of Cu(II), the formation of THMs was significantly promoted as pH decreased in both chlorination and monochloramination. More THMs were formed during Cu(II)-catalyzed monochloramination which was partially due to enhanced hydroxyl radical (OH) generation as demonstrated by electron spin resonance (ESR) analysis. To discriminate the reactive moieties of HA, nine model compounds, which approximately represented the chemical structure of HA, were individually oxidized by chlorine or monochloramine. Results show that Cu(II) could promote THM formation through reacting with citric acid and similar structures in HA. During chlorination and monochloramination of citric acid in the absence of Cu(II), major intermediates including chlorocarboxylic acid, chloroacetone and chloroacetic anhydride were identified. However, the catalysis of Cu(II) did not produce any new intermediate. The complexation of Cu(II) with model compounds was characterized via FTIR analysis. The reaction mechanism for Cu(II)-catalyzed THM formation was proposed to comprise two pathways: (1) indirect catalysis in which OH oxidizes the large molecules of HA into small ones to enhance THM formation; and (2) direct catalysis in which Cu(II) complexes with HA to accelerate the decarboxylation steps for THM formation.     

Influence of supercritical water treatment on heavy metals in medical waste incinerator fly ash

In this work, medical waste (MW) incinerator fly ashes from different types of incinerators were subjected to supercritical water (SCW) and SCW + H₂O₂ (SCWH) treatments. Sequential extraction experiments showed that, after SCW treatment, heavy metals in exchangeable and carbonate forms in the ashes could be transferred into other relatively stable forms, e.g., Ba and Cr into residual fraction, Cu and Pb into organic matter fraction. SCWH treatment could stabilize heavy metals in Fe–Mn oxides and residual fractions. However, the behavior of As was quite different from heavy metals, which could be leached out from residue fraction after SCW and SWCH treatments. The leached As tended to absorb onto Fe–Mn oxides and organic matters under near neutral environment, but it could react with Ca²⁺ at lower pH, increasing the mobility of this element. Therefore, it is necessary to neutralize acidic ash to near neutral condition before subjecting it to SCW and SCWH treatments so as to effectively stabilize hazardous elements in the ash. Consequently, it is believed that SCWH treatment is an effective alternative for hazardous elements detoxification in MW fly ash.     

Arsenic speciation and volatilization from flooded paddy soils amended with different organic matters

Arsenic (As) methylation and volatilization in soil can be increased after organic matter (OM) amendment, though the factors influencing this are poorly understood. Herein we investigate how amended OM influences As speciation as well as how it alters microbial processes in soil and soil solution during As volatilization. Microcosm experiments were conducted on predried and fresh As contaminated paddy soils to investigate microbial mediated As speciation and volatilization under different OM amendment conditions. These experiments indicated that the microbes attached to OM did not significantly influence As volatilization. The arsine flux from the treatment amended with 10% clover (clover-amended treatment, CT) and dried distillers grain (DDG) (DDG-amended treatment, DT2) were significantly higher than the control. Trimethylarsine (TMAs) was the dominant species in arsine derived from CT, whereas the primary arsine species from DT2 was TMAs and arsine (AsH(3)), followed by monomethylarsine (MeAsH(2)). The predominant As species in the soil solutions of CT and DT2 were dimethylarsinic acid (DMAA) and As(V), respectively. OM addition increased the activities of arsenite-oxidizing bacteria (harboring aroA-like genes), though they did not increase or even decrease the abundance of arsenite oxidizers. In contrast, the abundance of arsenate reducers (carrying the arsC gene) was increased by OM amendment; however, significant enhancement of activity of arsenate reducers was observed only in CT. Our results demonstrate that OM addition significantly increased As methylation and volatilization from the investigated paddy soil. The physiologically active bacteria capable of oxidization, reduction, and methylation of As coexisted and mediated the As speciation in soil and soil solution.     

Heavy metal contents of road-deposited sediment along the urban-rural gradient around Beijing and its potential contribution to runoff pollution

Understanding the contribution of road-deposited sediment (RDS) and its washoff process is essential for controlling urban runoff pollution. Ninety-seven RDS samples were collected along the urban-suburban-rural gradient from areas of five administrative units in the Beijing metropolitan region, including central urban (UCA), urban village (UVA), central suburban county (CSA), rural town (RTA), and rural village (RVA) areas. RDS washoff was evaluated with different particle sizes using a rainfall simulator. Heavy metal elements (i.e., Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were estimated in both RDS and runoff samples. The RDS mass per unit area increased in the order UCA (21 ± 24 g/m(2)) ≈ CSA (20 ± 16 g/m(2)) < RTA (59 ± 63 g/m(2)) < RVA (147 ± 112 g/m(2)) ≈ UVA (147 ± 198 g/m(2)). Compared to RDS from the other administrative units, RDS from the UCA and CSA had higher metal concentrations and higher proportions of smaller particles, whereas that from the RVA and UVA had larger quantities of metals per unit area. UCA and CSA had lower potential runoff pollution contributions per unit area. Our findings imply that controlling the first flush in the UCA and CSA, and improving existing street cleaning methods and road surface conditions in the TRA, UVA, and RVA will be appropriate strategies for controlling runoff pollution from RDS.     

Visible-light-Induced photocatalytic degradation of azodyes in aqueous AgI/TiO2 dispersion

Agl/Ti02 was prepared by the deposition-precipitation method and was found to be a novel visible light driven photocatalyst. The catalyst showed high efficiency for the degradation of the nonbiodegradable azodyes reactive red K-2G, reactive brilliant red X-3B, reactive red K-2BP, and reactive yellow KD-3G under visible light irradiation (lambda > 420 nm). The catalyst's activity was maintained effectively after successive cyclic experiments under visible irradiation without the destruction of AgI. On the basis of the characterization of X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Auger electron spectroscopy, the structure of AgI loaded on TiO2 did not significantly change before and after reaction. K-2G was completely decolorized and partly mineralized. The main intermediates are the small organic acids besides CO2 and cyanuric acid, which is photostable. The *OH is the main active oxygen species in the photocatalytic reaction by the studies of electron spin resonance and the effect of radical scavengers.