Fenton-絮凝法预处理化工综合废水的研究

以化工综合废水为研究对象,采用Fenton-絮凝法对某化工因区综合废水进行研究.考察了Fenton反应时间、初始pH值、H2O2投加量、Fe2+投加量、絮凝初始pH值以及絮凝剂投加量等因素对处理水质的影响.在Fenton反应时间为60 min,初始pH值为3.5,H2O2及FeSO4· 7H2O投加量分别为6.5 mm...     

北京市供水管网的老化漏失规律模型研究

供水管网漏失的监测难度大,维护费用高.为了有效减少管网漏失率,需要研发管网漏失模型,从而制定合理的监测模式和维护方案.针对管网老化过程,分析了其与管网漏失率的关系,应用决策树方法开发了包含管龄和管径两个因素在内的漏失规律模型.以北京市为例,对主城区19年间(1987年-2005年)由供水管网老化造成的漏失数据进行分析.结果表明,老化漏失管道的管龄服从Weibull分布,管龄为20年左右的管道更易产生漏失.利用建立的漏失规律模型,通过ArcGIS预测了2008年北京市区供水管网的老化漏失分布情况,其结果将用于漏失监测仪的优化布置.     

Multiscale analysis of the urbanization pattern of the Phoenix metropolitan landscape of USA: Time,space and thematic resolution

Investigating the ecological consequences of urbanization require knowledge of land-cover dynamics. Quantification of land-use/land-cover change in Phoenix, Arizona during the period of 1985–2005 using landscape metrics computed from Landsat-derived maps revealed temporal patterns of landscape composition and configuration. With accelerated urbanization the landscape as a whole became more fragmented ecologically and more complex compositionally and geometrically. However, the majority of individual patches became more compact in shape. Urban land covers, especially xeric residential, increased substantially and the desert decreased by 20%. Spatial and thematic resolution of data was shown to have large effects on the analysis of land-cover pattern. Our results, while agreeing in general with previously reported scaling relations with respect to changing spatial grain and extent, showed that scaling relations are also robust and consistent across thematic resolutions and time periods. Some metrics behaved unpredictably and some exhibited scale-free behavior. Compositional metrics, such as patch density, diversity, evenness, and largest patch index, were well correlated with vegetative cover, its spatial variation, and population density. Many of these correlations exhibited hump-shaped patterns with respect to increasing grain size, indicating a characteristic scale at approximately 500–1000 m. By simultaneously manipulating spatial and thematic resolutions, the importance of the Modifiable Area Unit Problem in relating landscape patterns to vegetation and socio-economic variables was also demonstrated. Additionally, highly variable desert vegetation due to precipitation variability poses a challenge for accurately quantifying urbanization pattern in arid environments. Choosing appropriate spatial, temporal and thematic resolutions is essential in meeting this challenge.     

Occurrence of nine nitrosamines and secondary amines in source water and drinking water: Potential of secondary amines as nitrosamine precursors

Due to their high carcinogenicity, the control of nitrosamines, a group of disinfection by-products (DBPs), is an important issue for drinking water supplies. In this study, a method using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry was improved for simultaneously analyzing nine nitrosamines in source water and finished water samples of twelve drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in China. The method detection limits of the nine target analytes were 0.2-0.9 ng/L for the source water samples and 0.1-0.7 ng/L for the finished water samples. Of the nine nitrosamines, six (N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), N-nitrosomorpholine (NMor), N-nitrosodi-n-butylamine (NDBA), N-nitrosomethylethylamine (NMEA), and N-nitrosodiphenylamine (NDPhA)) were detected. The total nitrosamine concentrations in source water and finished water samples were no detection-42.4 ng/L and no detection-26.3 ng/L, respectively, and NDMA (no detection-13.9 ng/L and no detection-20.5 ng/L, respectively) and NDEA (no detection-16.3 ng/L and no detection-14.0 ng/L, respectively) were the most abundant. Meanwhile, the occurrence of nine secondary amines corresponding to the nine nitrosamines was also investigated. All of them except for di-n-propylamine were detected in some source water and finished water samples, and dimethylamine (no detection-3.9 μg/L and no detection-4.0 μg/L, respectively) and diethylamine (no detection-2.4 μg/L and no detection-1.8 μg/L, respectively) were the most abundant ones. Controlled experiments involving chloramination of four secondary amines confirmed that dimethylamine, diethylamine, morpholine and di-n-butylamine in water can form the corresponding nitrosamines, with diethylamine and morpholine showing significantly higher yields than dimethylamine which has already been identified as a precursor of NDMA. This study proved that diethylamine, morpholine and di-n-butylamine detected in raw water would be one of the important the precursors of NDEA, NMOR and NDBA, respectively, in drinking water.     

Combined bioelectrochemical and sulfur autotrophic denitrification for drinking water treatment

A combined bioelectrochemical and sulfur autotrophic denitrification process for drinking water treatment was put forward and investigated extensively in this paper. In this new process, the bioelectrochemical denitrification was carried out in the upper part of the reactor while sulfur denitrification in the lower part. The H+ produced in Sulfur Part could be consumed by hydrogen denitrification in Bioelectrochemical Part. Therefore, the limestone for pH adjustment in Sulfur Part was not necessary in this combined process, which avoided the problem of hardness increase. The sulfate accumulation in this combined reactor was less than that of the sulfur limestone autotrophic denitrification system. The effluent from two parts was kept neutral at optimum operation conditions. When the influent nitrate was 30 mg-N/L, the reactor could be operated efficiently at the hydraulic retention time ranged from 1.9 to 5h (corresponding minimum current was 16-3 mA), i.e. the effluent NO3(-)-N removal ranged from 90% to 100% without nitrite accumulation and the effluent sulfate concentration was lower than 170 mg/L. The maximum volume-loading rate of the reactor was 0.381 kg NO3(-)-N/(m3d). The biomass and scanning electron microscope micrographs of Sulfur Part were also analyzed.     

用原子力显微镜研究铜合金微生物的腐蚀行为

用原子力显微镜(AFM)研究了HSn70-1A、HSn70-1B和HSn70-1AB等3种铜合金在硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)菌液中的微生物腐蚀行为.结果表明,3种铜合金表面形成的生物膜形貌各不相同.HSn70-1AB合金表面生物膜的粗糙度大于其余两种合金,表明其生物膜最不均匀.去除生物膜后,3种样品的腐蚀形貌也小相同,粗糙度均有所增加,这是微生物腐蚀作用的结果.研究证实,AFM的定量分析能力是研究材料微生物腐蚀的重要手段.     

考虑弥散尺度效应与不动水体的反应性溶质运移动力学模型及半解析解

将弥散度概化为运移距离的渐进函数,并考虑土壤孔隙中存在的不动水体以及溶质的吸附和降解,建立了考虑弥散尺度效应的溶质运移两区模型(TRMS,Two-Region Model with Scale-dependent Dispersion),通过Laplace变换和de Hoog数值反演方法求得了模型的半解析解,并运用混合拉普拉斯变换有限差分法验证了半解析解的准确性。通过TRMS与弥散度为常数的两区模型(TRMC,Two-Region Model with Constant Dispersion)之间的比较,分析了弥散尺度效应对溶质运移过程的影响,并利用算术平均方法计算了TRMS的等效弥散度,最后应用TRMS和TRMC模拟了长度为1250cm的一维非均质土柱中的溶质运移过程。结果表明:TRMS的等效弥散度反映了弥散尺度效应的影响,可以近似作为区域弥散度的平均值,采用等效弥散度时,TRMC描述的穿透曲线与TRMS的模拟结果基本一致;TRMC的模拟结果与非均质长土柱的浓度实测值存在较大偏差,而TRMS的模拟精度有了较大程度的提高,能够更好地模拟非均质长土柱中溶质的不规则运移过程,说明本文建立的TRMS能够较好地模拟非均质介质中溶质在较大尺度上的运移过程。     

小流域氮流失特征及其影响因素

由非点源流失的氮是造成水体污染的主要因子之一，而土地利用方式往往对氮的流失产生重要影响。本课题在福建省九龙江流域遴选了4个不同土地利用方式的小流域，通过在自然降雨条件下现场采样与室内分析相结合，研究不同土地利用结构的小流域氮的流失特征和影响因素。研究结果表明：总氮、可溶态氮和泥沙结合态氮的浓度通常比径流先达到峰值，然后开始降低；氮的流失以可溶态氮为主(占73%～98.3％)，因此其流失量主要受径流量的影响与雨强关系不大；土地利用方式对氮的流失有明显影响，一般植被覆盖度提高可以降低流失，而农业活动会加剧流失；此外，在高植被覆盖度的天然林地，氮的流失呈现出以泥沙结合态为主。通过本研究可以看出土地利用结构的调整和合理布置是九龙江流域非点源污染控制的重点。     

Improvement in coal liquefaction solvent quality by dewaxing

Recycle oils from the Integrated Two-Stage Liquefaction (ITSL), H-Coal and Solvent Refined Coal (SRC) processes were dewaxed by variants of commercial dewaxing processes—the ketone and the urea adduction techniques — yielding up to 47 wt % ‘wax’. Feed oils and product fractions were characterized by elemental analysis, ¹H n.m.r. and gas chromatography. The clean waxes were nearly pure mixtures of n-paraffins. The dewaxed oils were substantially better coal liquefaction solvents than the original (non-dewaxed) oils in batch liquefaction tests. For example, in one case, dewaxing improved the conversion of a bituminous coal to tetrahydrofuran-solubles under standard reaction conditions from 71 wt% (dafb) with the original oil to 87 wt % (dafb). These data provide a direct indication of the inimical effect of paraffinic components on solvent quality. The impact of solvent quality is particularly relevant to liquefaction processes in which thermal reactions proceed in a recycle solvent. In addition, the results indicate the technical feasibility of dewaxing coal liquefaction recycle oils by commercially available technology to improve solvent quality and to produce a useful by-product. Dewaxing could be applied in any liquefaction process that uses a deasphalted (preferably distillate) recycle stream.