Study of copper drift during TDDB of intermetal dielectrics by using fully passivated MOS capacitors as test vehicle

A fully passivated Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) capacitor [T?kei Zs. Barrier integrity and reliability in copper low-k interconnects. ISTC 2005; 386–95] is used to study the intrinsic properties of a barrier between copper and dielectric in Back-End-Of-Line interconnects. Several barriers are studied and compared to each other. The test vehicle is also used to thoroughly investigate the role of thermal diffusion or field assisted ionic copper drift during Time-Dependent-Dielectric Breakdown (TDDB) by investigating the breakdown of dielectrics without a barrier at very low voltages.Comparing different barriers revealed that a “standard” PVD-based Ta barrier has a significantly better TDDB-performance compared to an 8 nm SiCN-barrier.For samples without barrier, it was found that long thermal anneals without the application of a stress voltage changes the distribution of failure times. Furthermore, the possibility of a bimodal distribution was argued when stressing these devices at a wide range of fields. A corollary is that, in presence of copper, both the E-model and the root-E-model do not apply for describing the experimental data obtained on these samples without barrier.     

Tomato Leaf Disease Classification using Multiple Feature Extraction Techniques

In order to further promote the optimization of the rural settlement pattern in the plateau and mountainous multi-ethnic gathering areas, and provide a basis for the protection and development of plateau mountainous ethnic settlements in the new period, the landscape pattern index method and ArcGIS spatial analysis method were used to quantitatively analyze the horizontal and vertical spatial distribution characteristics of rural settlements and their influencing factors in the multi-ethnic gathering area of the plateau and mountainous areas based on the 2017 remote sensing digital image data. The results show that: (1) The overall rural settlements in Longyang District on the horizontal space pattern show a small scale. The Han, Yi, Bai and Dai village settlements are mainly small settlements and small settlements. The Bai people are mainly medium-sized settlements. Their present the characteristics of cluster distribution. The Yi ethnic group has the highest degree of aggregation, and the Dai ethnic group has the lowest degree of aggregation. The spatial distribution and aggregation of different ethnic groups have significant differences in the level of spatial distribution. (2) Affected by geographical conditions on the vertical gradient, the settlements have a normal distribution overall, and the Bai settlements are the most obvious. (3) The spatial distribution characteristics of rural settlements in Longyang District are related to terrain, water system, transportation, and urban built-up areas, but there are certain differences between different ethnic groups. The optimization of the rural settlement pattern in the multi-ethnic gathering areas of the plateau and mountains should be based on different terrain conditions and different national cultures to suit local conditions, ensure ecological security, and promote national unity.

     

砌体墙板的平面外性能

基于三维匀质化方法,建立了砌体墙板的三维匀质化基本单元,将匀质化后的砌体墙看成四边有支撑的竖向平板,提出了运用板理论来研究砌体墙板的平面外力学性能的方法,且分别给出了薄板理论和中厚板理论下砌体墙板的匀质化模型,推导了在对应模型下的匀质化砌体墙板的跨中挠度计算公式,对120、180、240和370 mm厚的砌体墙在固定高宽比和变化高宽比下的跨中挠度进行了详细的对比分析,得出了2种理论对不同尺寸的匀质化砌体墙板的适用性.该方法具有一定的实用价值,完善了砌体分析理论.     

基于Web的质量特性设计支持系统研究

为提升水面舰艇研制过程的质量控制与保证能力,通过分析水面舰艇质量特性综合设计的功能与技术需求,采用最新的J2EE、Web等信息技术,设计了水面舰艇质量特性设计支持系统的功能模块、业务流程和技术框架,并开发相应的原型软件系统.     

Thermodynamic analysis of human heat and mass transfer and their impact on thermal comfort

In this paper a thermodynamic analysis of human heat and mass transfer based on the 2nd law of thermodynamics in presented. For modelling purposes the two-node human thermal model was used. This model was improved in order to establish the exergy consumption within the human body as a consequence of heat and mass transfer and/or conversion. It is shown that the human body’s exergy consumption in relation to selected human parameters exhibit a minimal value at certain combinations of environmental parameters. The expected thermal sensation, determined by the PMV* value, shows that there is a correlation between exergy consumption and thermal sensation. Thus, our analysis represents an improvement in human thermal modelling and gives even more information about the environmental impact on expected human thermal sensation.     

A healthy reduction in oil consumption and carbon emissions

Reliance on oil as an energy source for private transportation produces increasingly unfavorable social, political and environmental conditions including climate change, dependence on foreign oil, and the need for difficult choices between oil production and protection of biological systems. At the same time, the population is increasingly sedentary due largely to our reliance on the automobile for transportation. Adoption and maintenance of healthy weights and healthier lifestyles by substituting walking or biking for short trips currently taken by car could simultaneously improve health and reduce oil consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. We calculate the reduction in oil consumption and carbon dioxide emissions possible in the United States if (1) obese and overweight conditions were eliminated from the adult population through the use of walking or biking for transportation, and (2) individuals between the ages of 10 and 64 adopted previously recommended levels of daily exercise by walking or biking instead of driving. Substantial co-benefits accompany widespread adoption of physical activity. Assuming substitution of cycling for driving, the reduction in gasoline demand is equivalent to 34.9% of current domestic oil consumption. This constitutes considerably more oil than is recoverable from the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The concomitant reduction in US carbon dioxide emissions would constitute approximately 10.9% relative to 1990 net US emissions and would be a substantial step toward satisfying the Kyoto Protocol.     

Energy efficiency—a forgotten goal in the Swedish building sector?

The paper analyses trends in energy use and carbon dioxide emissions in the Swedish building sector between 1970 and 2000 with focus on the development of energy efficiency in the average stock of buildings and in the new construction. The energy efficiency improved throughout the seventies and early eighties, and studies revealed major potentials for further improvements. However, the energy efficiency has levelled off with almost no improvement during the nineties. The statistics for new-constructed multi-dwelling buildings indicate increasing energy use per floor area since 1995, and even more amazing: the new-constructed multi-dwelling buildings are at the same level of energy efficiency as the average existing building. Parallel to this development, the best available technology represented by low-energy buildings, uses less than a third of the energy used in average new buildings. Much of this development may be explained by changes in energy prices. The increasing oil price between 1972 and 1985 correlates well with the improvements in energy efficiency, even though the effect was limited by the low electricity price following the nuclear power programme. However, promotion of energy efficiency is complicated by the ineffective distribution of costs and benefits between actors, especially in the new construction. Moreover, to the residents energy cost is a small part of the expenditures and energy efficiency is merely one of many qualities valued in a building. An important factor behind the increasing energy use in new-constructed multi-dwelling buildings may also be new exceptions in the energy standards which were introduced to promote district heating. Finally, the paper gives some policy recommendations to improve the energy efficiency in the Swedish building sector: Not to support supply substitution at the expense of energy efficiency; Regulations for individual measurements and debiting of space and water heating; Strengthening of the energy standards to promote technical efficiency in the new construction.     

Regarding the influence of the Van der Hoven spectrum on wind energy applications in the meteorological mesoscale and microscale

We demonstrate the use of high frequency data (HFD) to reproduce the power spectrum shown by Van der Hoven in 1957. His work represents the basis of wind energy standards such as averaging and variability in the frequency domain. Our results unveil discrepancies with Van der Hoven's approach, which can be related to constraints in the computing capabilities in the 1950's. We show a major eddy-energy peak at a period of 2 days and a smaller eddy-energy peak contribution at frequencies higher than the region known as the spectrum gap. The variance calculated by the area under the curve indicated that the spectral energy is mainly due to the Power Spectral Density (PSD) values located in the microscale region. We calculated the economic value of this energy based on the turbulence kinetic energy of the wind data set. We also conclude that, given the results of the present study, HFD analysis in the frequency domain uncover eddy energy peaks that determine energy fluctuations in the short and long terms. This information is lost every time data are erased from current monitoring systems.     

常规岛主厂房基于变形的抗震性能研究

为了确保工作人员安全的情况下同时保障常规岛主厂房内的贵重设备在大震情况下不至于遭受到较大的损失,常规岛主厂房的抗震设计要求应该采用更高标准,因此文章采用基于结构变形的抗震设计方法。针对常规岛主厂房的变形特点,在小震,中震和大震作用下,通过有限元软件SAP 2000进行静力弹塑性分析和动力时程分析。用SAP2000对常规岛主厂房整体结构进行建模时,设置了整体建模参数和结构分析系数,并按照《建筑抗震设计规范》要求选取了3条实际地震波和2条人工波,进行静力弹塑性分析和动力时程分析后获取了常规岛主厂房在不同地震水准作用下整体层间位移角。分析结果表明,常规岛主厂房结构整体在小震、中震以及大震作用下,不论是横向地震作用还是纵向地震作用下的层间位移角平均值远小于设定的整体层间位移角限值,符合预期设定变形目标要求。     

Update Planning and Design Concepts of Taiping Old Downtown Areas in Shuangliu

China has witnessed unprecedented rapid and massive urbanization in recent years, and the urbanization has infl uenced almost all corners of the country, which is a natural process and necessary result of the social and economic development. Development and expansion of cities has been the keynote of the contemporary era. Meanwhile, existence and future development of traditional urban areas that have gone through the long-term natural development have been faced with serious crisis. This paper focused on the relative constancy and changeability of major elements in the natural evolution of traditional cities and towns, so as to explore an organic development mechanism, and make a daring attempt in update planning of old downtown areas of Taiping Town in Shuangliu County. On this basis, the paper aims at exploring a new development concept for common cities and towns that balances inheritance and innovation.