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21.
《Energy Policy》2005,33(2):133-150
In order to forecast the technological development and cost of wind turbines and the production costs of wind electricity, frequent use is made of the so-called experience curve concept. Experience curves of wind turbines are generally based on data describing the development of national markets, which cause a number of problems when applied for global assessments. To analyze global wind energy price development more adequately, we compose a global experience curve. First, underlying factors for past and potential future price reductions of wind turbines are analyzed. Also possible implications and pitfalls when applying the experience curve methodology are assessed. Second, we present and discuss a new approach of establishing a global experience curve and thus a global progress ratio for the investment cost of wind farms. Results show that global progress ratios for wind farms may lie between 77% and 85% (with an average of 81%), which is significantly more optimistic than progress ratios applied in most current scenario studies and integrated assessment models. While the findings are based on a limited amount of data, they may indicate faster price reduction opportunities than so far assumed. With this global experience curve we aim to improve the reliability of describing the speed with which global costs of wind power may decline. 相似文献
22.
《International Journal of Hydrogen Energy》2005,30(10):1053-1062
Photocatalytic activity of mesoporous titania supported nickel oxide photocatalyst synthesized by single-step sol–gel (SSSG) process combined with surfactant-assisted template method was investigated for hydrogen evolution from an aqueous methanol solution, in comparison with one prepared by conventional incipient wetness impregnation (IWI) method. In single-step sol–gel process, nickel precursor was introduced into the titania sol prepared with the aid of a surfactant template behaving as pore-controlling agent to attain meso-scaled pore. The single-step sol–gel photocatalyst was experimentally found to enhance the photocatalytic evolution of hydrogen rather than the impregnated one. The optimum level of nickel loading in photocatalytic activity test for single-step sol–gel method was slightly higher than that for incipient wetness impregnation method. Characterization results demonstrated the significant modification of physical characteristics of the single-step sol–gel photocatalyst, anticipated to relating to the observation of higher photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity. 相似文献
23.
《Applied Thermal Engineering》2007,27(5-6):1017-1028
In this study, multivariable generic model control (MGMC) structure has been proposed to control of the packed distillation column. Top and bottom product temperatures of the packed distillation column were selected as controlled variables and reflux ratio and reboiler heat duty as manipulated variables, respectively. Regulator problem was considered for experimental control studies. Feed mole fraction and feed temperature were chosen as load variables. Two types black box models, which were linear and non-linear was used for generic model control to control of packed distillation. A multivariable non-linear autoregressive moving average with eXternal input and auto-recursive extensive models were used for the linear black box model. The system identification toolbox in MATLAB was applied to estimate of the discrete models. Non-linear black box model for MGMC has better performance over linear black box model in the case of load disturbances. 相似文献
24.
25.
《Materials Letters》2007,61(11-12):2191-2194
Porous TiO2 films with both mesoporosity and macroporosity were fabricated by a templated sol–gel method for applications, such as dye-sensitized solar cells (DSC), photocatalysis and catalysis. With the incorporation of differently sized pores, the resultant structures exhibit high surface areas and possess interpenetrating aligned pore channels, which are believed to be beneficial for applications where diffusion of reactants to interior surface can be rate limiting. Both liquid and solid TiO2 precursors can be applied for large area coating in this process. Almost crack-free films were produced by templated coating of pre-synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles. The measured specific surface area and porosity of synthesized films were in the range of 33–137 m2/g and 61–80%, respectively, depending on the size of the selected template. 相似文献
26.
《Materials Letters》2007,61(11-12):2502-2505
Carbon microspheres with a diameter of 2 μm were prepared by hydrothermal process. The apatite-formation ability of the carbon microspheres was evaluated by soaking them in a simulated body fluid (SBF) for 5 and 10 d and apatite-formation mechanism was also analyzed. The result showed that bonelike apatite was formed on the surface of carbon microspheres. Our study indicates that the carbon microspheres synthesized by this method possess apatite-formation ability and may be used as a bioactive injectable filler for bone tissue regeneration. 相似文献
27.
《Journal of the European Ceramic Society》2006,26(15):3221-3231
Impedance spectroscopy (IS) has been used to study the influence on the low frequency part of the impedance diagrams of the microstructure of a fast ionic conductor, Li3xLa2/3−xTiO3 with x = 0.10 (named hereafter LLTO). This oxide has been synthesised by sol–gel method. After synthesis, the powder of LLTO displays a large distribution of grain size and agglomerates. The grain size distribution and the porosity of the ceramic have been changed by heat-treatment from 600 °C to 1200 °C in air. The impedance spectra of these ceramics, recorded at different temperatures from room temperature (RT) to 400 °C, show a low-frequency depressed arc, which is characteristic of the grain boundary response of the ceramic. Its shape depends strongly on the heat-treatment of the ceramic, and therefore, on its microstructure. It is a simple arc when the pellet is well sintered but becomes very complex for non-sintered ceramics with high resistive grain boundary and pores. The observed “fish” shape indicates the presence of current “detours effect” in the material. This effect means that current detours around blocking grain boundary and/or pores occur to lower the impedance. Consequently, the brick layer model (BLM), which assumes an ideal microstructure, and then no current “detours effect”, can not be used to analyse these impedance data. 相似文献
28.
《Journal of power sources》2006,160(1):716-732
Energy storage technologies provide an alternative solution to the problem of balancing power generation and power consumption. Redox flow cells are designed to convert and store electrical energy into chemical energy and release it in a controlled fashion when required. Many redox couples and cell designs have being evaluated. In this paper, redox flow systems are compared in the light of characteristics such as open circuit potential, power density, energy efficiency and charge-discharge behaviour. The key advantages and disadvantages of redox flow cells are considered while areas for further research are highlighted. 相似文献
29.
《Minerals Engineering》2006,19(5):486-490
Conventional treatment methods for arsenic removal from copper smelting wastewaters create sludge that is difficult to handle. Biosorption of arsenic using algae as sorbent is an interesting alternative to the conventional methods.This work shows results from biosorption of arsenic(V) by Lessonia nigrescens at pH = 2.5, 4.5 and 6.5. The adsorption of arsenic could be explained satisfactorily both by the Freundlich and the Langmuir isotherms. Maximum adsorption capacities were estimated to 45.2 mg/g (pH = 2.5), 33.3 mg/g (pH = 4.5), and 28.2 mg/g (pH = 6.5) indicating better adsorption at the lower pH. These values are high in comparison with other arsenic adsorbents reported.The sorption kinetics of arsenic by L. nigrescens could be modelled well by Lagergren’s first-order rate equation. The kinetics were observed to be independent of pH during the first 120 min of adsorption with the Lagergren first-order rate constant of around 1.07 × 10−3 min−1. 相似文献
30.
《Journal of power sources》2006,160(1):657-661
The cathode-active materials, layered Li[Ni0.333Co0.333Mn0.293Al0.04]O2−zFz (0 ≤ z ≤ 0.1), were synthesized from a sol–gel precursor at 900 °C in air. The influence of Al–F co-substitution on the structural and electrochemical properties of the as-prepared samples was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electrochemical experiments. The results showed that Li[Ni0.333Co0.333Mn0.293Al0.04]O2−zFz has a typical hexagonal structure with a single phase, the particle sizes of the samples tended to increase with increasing fluorine content. It has been found that Li[Ni0.333Co0.333Mn0.293Al0.04]O1.95F0.05 showed an improved cathodic behavior and discharge capacity retention compared to the undoped samples in the voltage range of 3.0–4.3 V. The electrodes prepared from Li[Ni0.333Co0.333Mn0.293Al0.04]O1.95F0.05 delivered an initial discharge capacity of 158 mAh−1 g and an initial coulombic efficiency is 91.3%, and the capacity retention at the 20th cycle was 94.9%. Though the F-doped samples had lower initial capacities, they showed better cycle performances compared with F-free samples. Therefore, this is a promising material for a lithium-ion battery. 相似文献