超临界直流炉蒸汽发生器的建模与仿真分析

研究以某600MW机组超临界直流炉的蒸汽发生器为对象,从过程基本方程出发,建立单相及两相受热管动态特性的动力学方程.采用随体导数法建立了关于在亚临界及超临界工况的非线件分布参数动态数学模型.针对蒸汽发生器在两种典型工况下的动态特性进行了仿真研究,所得结果,对进一步研究超临界直流锅炉的安全运行中全工况动态仿真提供有意义的设计参考.     

Spatial aspects affecting acidification factors in European acidification modelling

Plain linear models have recently been used in methodologies to model fate and transport for assessing acidification in life cycle impact assessment (LCIA), or in support of air pollution abatement policies. These models originate from a statistical analysis of the relationship between inputs and outputs of physically-based models that reflect the mechanics of a system in detail. Linear models applied to assess acidification use an acidification factor (AF), which relates changes in the magnitude of emissions to changes in the total area that is protected against acidification in Europe. The changes in emission volume refer to changes of one substance, within one country and one sector or one grid cell.This paper evaluates the dependence of AFs on three spatial characteristics, i.e. the spatial emission and deposition resolution, the spatial emission distribution and the actual spatial location of emissions.The applied spatial resolutions of emission and deposition cause non-systematic variations in AFs of up to 60%, relative to the finest resolution. The manner in which the distribution of emissions is modelled, i.e. grid or sector-specific, is shown to affect AFs considerably, as well. We conclude that spatial characteristics of the physically-based acidification model can affect the assessment of acidification by means of plain linear models.     

Design and realization of hybrid ACO-based PID and LuGre friction compensation controller for three degree-of-freedom high precision flight simulator

Three degree-of-freedom (3-DOF) high precision flight simulator is a type of key hardware-in-loop equipment in the fields of aeronautics and astronautics. The conventional Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) is a widely used industrial controller that uses a combination of proportional, integral and derivative action on the control error to form the output of the controller. It is well known that the undesired phenomena caused by friction can lead to overall flight simulator performance degradation or instability. This paper presents a novel kind of hybrid Ant Colony Optimization (ACO)-based PID and LuGre friction compensation controller for 3-DOF high precision flight simulator. On the basis of introduction of the basic principles of ACO, the controlling scheme design for the 3-DOF high precision flight simulator is presented. Based on the popular LuGre friction model, a novel nonlinear friction compensation controller for 3-DOF high precision flight simulator is also developed. The proposed Lyapunov function proves the robust global convergence of the tracking error. The parameters tuning of PID can be summed up as the typical continual spatial optimization problem, grid-based searching strategy is adopted in the improved ACO algorithm, and self-adaptive control strategy for the pheromone decay parameter is also adopted. Modularization design is adopted in the 3-DOF high precision flight simulator. This software can process the position and status signals, and display them on the friendly interface. Double buffer mechanism is adopted in the communication protocol between lower Industrial Personal Computer (IPC) and upper IPC. The series experimental results have verified the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed hybrid ACO-based PID and LuGre friction compensation controller.     

Tuning the band gap of the CIGS solar buffer layer Cd1-xZnxS (x=0—1) to achieve high efficiency

To evaluate the impact of zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) concentration on the structural properties of the films, Cd1-xZnxS thin films were formed on glass substrates using chemical bath deposition (CBD) in this study. The effect of ZnSO4 precursor concentration on the surface morphology, optical properties, and morphological structure of the Cd1-xZnxS films was investigated. To study the impact of zinc doping content on the performance metrics of Cu(In1-xGax)Se2 (CIGS) cells in the experimental group and to improve the buffer layer thickness, simulations were run using one-dimensional solar cell capacitance simulator (SCAPS-1D) software.     

Ligand Design in Atomically Precise Copper Nanoclusters and Their Application in Electrocatalytic Reactions

Metal nanoclusters (MNCs) are compositionally well-defined and also structurally precise materials with unique molecule-like properties and discrete electronic energy levels. Atomically precise ligand-protected Cu nanoclusters (LP-CuNCs) are one category of typical MNCs that usually demonstrate unique geometric and electronic structures to serve as electrocatalysts. However, the synthesis, application, as well as structure-performance relationship of LP-CuNCs are not adequately studied. Significantly, the ligands are essential to the geometric structure, crystal structure, size, and electronic structure of LP-CuNCs, which determine their physiochemical properties and applications. In this review, significant progress in the ligand design of LP-CuNCs, and their application in electrocatalytic reactions is introduced. The general basics of ligand-protected MNCs (LP-MNCs) are first introduced and the functions of ligands are emphasized. Subsequently, a series of different ligands for LP-CuNCs including thiolates, phosphines, alkynyl, polymers, and biomolecules are highlighted. Thereafter, their applications in different electrocatalytic reactions are discussed. It is believed that this review will not only inspire the design and synthesis of novel LP-CuNCs, but also contribute to the extension of their applications in electrocatalytic reactions and the establishment of accurate structure-performance relationships.     

A deep learning-enabled human-cyber-physical fusion method towards human-robot collaborative assembly

Human-robot collaborative (HRC) assembly has become popular in recent years. It takes full advantage of the strength, repeatability and accuracy of robots and the high-level cognition, flexibility and adaptability of humans to achieve an ergonomic working environment with better overall productivity. However, HRC assembly is still in its infancy nowadays. How to ensure the safety and efficiency of HRC assembly while reducing assembly failures caused by human errors is challenging. To address the current challenges, this paper proposes a novel human-cyber-physical assembly system (HCPaS) framework, which combines the powerful perception and control capacity of digital twin with the virtual-reality interaction capacity of augmented reality (AR) to achieve a safe and efficient HRC environment. Based on the framework, a deep learning-enabled fusion method of HCPaS is proposed from the perspective of robot-level fusion and part-level fusion. Robot-level fusion perceives the pose of robots with the combination of PointNet and iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm, where the status of robots together with their surroundings could be registered into AR environment to improve the human's cognitive ability of complex assembly environment, thus ensuring the safe HRC assembly. Part-level fusion recognizes the type and pose of parts being assembled with a parallel network that takes an extended Pixel-wise Voting Network (PVNet) as the base architecture, on which assembly sequence/process information of the part could be registered into AR environment to provide smart guidance for manual work to avoid human errors. Eventually, experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the approach.     

Phase equilibria and microstructure development in Mg-rich Mg-Gd-Sr alloys: Experiments and CALPHAD assessment

Mg-Sr alloys are promising to fabricate orthopedic implants. The alloying of rare earth elements such as Gd may improve the comprehensive mechanical properties of Mg-Sr alloys. The information on the phase diagram and the microstructure development are required to design chemical composition and microstructure of Gd alloyed Mg-Sr alloys. The phase equilibria and the microstructure development in Mg-rich Mg-Gd-Sr alloys (Gd, Sr < 30 at. %) are experimentally investigated via phase identification, chemical analysis, and microstructure observation with respect to the annealed ternary alloys. The onset temperatures of liquid formation are measured by differential scanning calorimetry. A thermodynamic database of the Mg-rich Mg–Gd–Sr ternary system is developed for the first time via CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagram) approach assisted by First-Principles calculations. The thermodynamic calculations with the developed database enable a well reproduction of the experimental findings and the physical-metallurgical understanding of the microstructure formation in solidification and annealing.     

Voltage Decay of Li-Rich Layered Oxides: Mechanism,Modification Strategies,and Perspectives

Li-rich layered oxides (LLOs) have been considered as the most promising cathode materials for achieving high energy density Li-ion batteries. However, they suffer from continuous voltage decay during cycling, which seriously shortens the lifespan of the battery in practical applications. This review comprehensively elaborates and summarizes the state-of-the-art of the research in this field. It is started from the proposed mechanism of voltage decay that refers to the phase transition, microscopic defects, and oxygen redox or release. Furthermore, several strategies to mitigate the voltage decay of LLOs from different scales, such as surface modification, elemental doping, regulation of components, control of defect, and morphology design are summarized. Finally, a systematic outlook on the real root of voltage decay is provided, and more importantly, a potential solution to voltage recovery from electrochemistry. Based on this progress, some effective strategies with multiple scales will be feasible to create the conditions for their commercialization in the future.     

Extended state observer-based finite-region control for 2-D Markov jump systems

In this article, an extended state observer-based finite-region control scheme is presented for two-dimensional Markov jump systems with unknown mismatched disturbances. The mathematical model of the two-dimensional Markov jump systems is built on the well-known Roesser model. By establishing special recursive formulas and utilizing the 2-D Lyapunov function theory, sufficient conditions are obtained, which prove that the resultant system is finite-region bounded, if some linear matrix inequalities are achieved. Then, we provide an algorithm to solve the extended state observer-based controller gains. With the proposed control scheme, the external disturbances can be actively rejected from the system outputs. To conclude, a numerical example based on the Darboux equation is provided to demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the devised control scheme.     

Coordinated scheduling of production and logistics for large-scale closed-loop manufacturing using Benders decomposition optimization

This paper studies coordinated scheduling of production and logistics for a large-scale closed-loop manufacturing system by integrating its manufacturing and recycling process. In addition to the forward manufacturing process, different recycling units in reverse recycling process are also studied. A decentralized network is designed to formulate the coordinated scheduling problem as a mixed integer programming model with both binary and integer variables. As the problem for closed-loop manufacturing is large-scale and computational-consuming in nature, the model is divided into integer variable sub-models and complex binary variable sub-models for preprocessing and reprocessing respectively. An iterative solution approach by Benders decomposition is developed to accelerate the solving efficiency in large-scale case by updating custom constraints. A case study is conducted to investigate the managerial implications of the decentralized network for the closed-loop manufacturing system. Computational experiments demonstrate the validity and efficiency of the proposed iterative solution approach for the large-scale scenarios.