High pressure common rail injection system modeling and control

In this paper modeling and common-rail pressure control of high pressure common rail injection system (HPCRIS) is presented. The proposed mathematical model of high pressure common rail injection system which contains three sub-systems: high pressure pump sub-model, common rail sub-model and injector sub-model is a relative complicated nonlinear system. The mathematical model is validated by the software Matlab and a virtual detailed simulation environment. For the considered HPCRIS, an effective model free controller which is called Extended State Observer – based intelligent Proportional Integral (ESO-based iPI) controller is designed. And this proposed method is composed mainly of the referred ESO observer, and a time delay estimation based iPI controller. Finally, to demonstrate the performances of the proposed controller, the proposed ESO-based iPI controller is compared with a conventional PID controller and ADRC.     

Application of soft-thresholding on the decomposed Lamb wave signals for damage detection of plate-like structures

Effective application of the Lamb waves for structural health monitoring and damage identification intensively relies on the accurate damage-related feature extraction in the received signals. Most of existing signal processing methods extract the damage-related features from the time–frequency joint spectrum which requires a quite amount of effort. In this paper, the soft-thresholding process, based on different signal decomposition methods, is introduced to damage identification so that the damage-related signal features can be manifested more distinctively. By applying two popular signal decomposition methods (i.e., the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and the empirical mode decomposition (EMD)), the signal of interest can be represented by a series of components with different frequencies. Since most noises exist in the high frequency range, it is feasible to alleviate noise by restricting the energy of high-frequency components. Finally, a denoised signal is synthesized using the corresponding reconstruction method. As an application, the soft-thresholding process is performed to detect a small crack on an isotropic aluminum plate under the white Gaussian noise contamination. The results, from both the numerical finite element simulation and experimental test, indicate that the soft-thresholding process is capable of effectively reducing the effect of noise, convincingly improving the sensitivity of damage identification, and discriminating relatively small damage.     

改进的Otsu算法在缺陷检测中的应用

针对传统Otsu算法对灰度直方图中仅存在"单峰"的图像难以分割的问题,提出一种分类加权的Otsu分割算法。该方法通过对Otsu算法的两项类间方差进行分析,对每项类间方差以及整体方差分别引入加权系数,并给出了加权系数的自适应选取方式。实验表明,此方法对缺陷灰度值大于平均灰度值,或者缺陷灰度值小于平均灰度值的"单峰"缺陷图像都能实现有效分割。     

Pore-level numerical simulation of methane-air combustion in a simplified two-layer porous burner

A simplified two-dimensional model of two-layer porous burner based on pore level is developed.The heat transfer of solid phase in porous burner is seen as the synergistic effects of conduction through con-necting bridges and surface radiation between the solid particles in the model.A numerical simulation study on the characteristics of flow,combustion and heat transfer in the two-layer porous burner is car-ried out using the pore level model,and the effects of the control parameters such as the inlet velocity and solid thermal conductivity on thermal non-equilibrium are investigated.The results show that the flame structure is highly two-dimensional based on pore level.Obvious thermal non-equilibrium in the burner for the two phases and solid phase are observed,the largest temperature difference between the gas and solid phases is observed in combustion zone,while the temperature difference inside the solid particles is largest near the flame front.The results also reveal that thermal non-equilibrium of por-ous burner is much affected by the inlet velocity and solid thermal conductivity.     

Study on toughening mechanisms of pyrolytic carbon interface layer in Cf/ZrB2-SiC composites using in-situ tensile experimental and numerical methods

The toughening mechanism in continuous fiber toughened ZrB₂-SiC ceramic matrix (C_f/ZrB₂-SiC) composites was studied upon introduction of pyrolytic carbon coating at the fiber/matrix interface. The real-time deformation behavior, surface crack initiation and evolution of C_f/ZrB₂-SiC composites under tensile load were studied using in-situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine the typical damage modes and toughening mechanisms. A refined microscopic representative volume element (RVE) inserting the cohesive zone elements was established to study the PyC interface layer damage by using finite element method. It was found that PyC interface layer damage induced by thermal residual stress (TRS) was one of critical factors affecting the mechanical performance of the C_f/ZrB₂-SiC composites. The critical thickness of the interface layer was also further determined by analyzing the effect of interface layer thickness on the distribution of TRS, which can guide the design of PyC interface layer for manufacturing the C_f/ZrB₂-SiC composites.     

Creep behavior and failure mechanisms of CVI and PIP SiC/SiC composites at temperatures to 1650 °C in air

Creep properties of 2D woven CVI and PIP SiC/SiC composites with Sylramic™-iBN SiC fibers were measured at temperatures to 1650 °C in air and the data was compared with the literature. Batch-to-batch variations in the tensile and creep properties, and thermal treatment effects on creep, creep parameters, damage mechanisms, and failure modes for these composites were studied. Under the test conditions, the CVI SiC/SiC composites exhibited both matrix and fiber-dominated creep depending on stress, whereas the PIP SiC/SiC composites displayed only fiber-dominated creep. Creep durability in both composite systems is controlled by the most creep resistant phase as well as oxidation of the fibers via cracking matrix. Specimen-to- specimen variations in porosity and stress raisers caused significant differences in creep behavior and durability. The Larson-Miller parameter and Monkman-Grant relationship were used wherever applicable for analyzing and predicting creep durability.     

Mechanical,thermal, and dielectric properties of SiCf/SiC composites reinforced with electrospun SiC fibers by PIP

Electrospun unidirectional SiC fibers reinforced SiC_f/SiC composites (e-SiC_f/SiC) were prepared with ∼10% volume fraction by polymer infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP) process. Pyrolysis temperature was varied to investigate the changes in microstructures, mechanical, thermal, and dielectric properties of e-SiC_f/SiC composites. The composites prepared at 1100 °C exhibit the highest flexural strength of 286.0 ± 33.9 MPa, then reduced at 1300 °C, mainly due to the degradation of electrospun SiC fibers, increased porosity, and reaction-controlled interfacial bonding. The thermal conductivity of e-SiC_f/SiC prepared at 1300 °C reached 2.663 W/(m∙K). The dielectric properties of e-SiC_f/SiC composites were also investigated and the complex permittivities increase with raising pyrolysis temperature. The e-SiC_f/SiC composites prepared at 1300 °C exhibited EMI shielding effectiveness exceeding 24 dB over the whole X band. The electrospun SiC fibers reinforced SiC_f/SiC composites can serve as a potential material for structural components and EMI shielding applications in the future.     

Modelling the Influence of Aquatic Vegetation on the Hydrodynamics of an Alternative Bank Protection Measure in a Navigable Waterway

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has become an effective tool for assessing hydrodynamics in complex environments. This paper reports on a CFD study of navigation‐induced flows in a shallow, wave‐protected, littoral habitat of the urban Spree River. It was constructed as a rehabilitation structure for aquatic organisms and subject to abundant growth of aquatic and riparian vegetation. This study aims to quantify the hydrodynamics induced by vessel movements and its consequences for water exchange and lateral connectivity between the habitat and the main channel with three representative, natural densities of aquatic plants. The simulations revealed both high efficiency of the rehabilitation structure in reducing hydrodynamic forces in the littoral and a superimposed reduction of hydrodynamic forces, and increase of flushing time with increased plant cover. Higher vegetation density resulted in lower wave propagation and lower connectivity of the rehabilitation structure with the fairway. Thus, natural succession of aquatic vegetation in the shallow habitats leads to increasing isolation and finally to terrestrialization. Maintaining the functionality of the rehabilitation structure as habitat for other aquatic organisms requires either plant removal or preferably adaptive modification, e.g. by successively increasing the openings to the main channel and letting the plants take over the protective function of the technical facilities. The developed CFD model helps to find hydrodynamically optimized solutions and to support decision‐making process for maintaining littoral refuges for plants and weak swimming organisms in navigable waterways. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

粘性流场中固体颗粒启动和沉降过程的直接数值模拟

利用多重网格虚拟边界有限元法（multigrid fictitious boundary method,MFBM）,对粘性流场中固体颗粒的启动和沉降过程进行直接数值模拟。在计算过程中,计算网格是固定的多重结构有限元网格,固体颗粒可自由通过网格而无需重新生成网格。流体运动由Navier-Stokes方程控制,固体颗粒运动由Newton-Euler方程控制,用MFBM处理流体与固体颗粒的相互作用。通过对单个固体颗粒和多个固体颗粒启动和沉降过程的数值模拟,表明MFBM提供了一个数值模拟颗粒启动和沉降问题非常有效的途径。     

二维滑坡涌浪的SPH方法数值模拟

块体滑坡往往引起自由水面的剧烈变化,研究块体滑坡激发的水面波动一直是水利与海岸工程界非常感兴趣的问题。该文使用SPH方法（光滑质点水动力学）对水下块体下滑引起的自由表面水动力学过程进行了二维数值模拟,并将数值计算结果与试验数据作了对比,计算结果给出了块体下滑过程中,水体表面出现的二次卷破现象,以及在块体上方出现两个方向相反的旋涡,显示了SPH方法对处理块体下滑引起的自由表面大变形问题具有十分优越的特性。通过数值试验,文中还讨论了滑块下滑速度对自由表面破碎和形成的旋涡个数的影响。