抽真空对独立外缸低压模块端汽封间隙的影响分析

以某独立外缸结构汽轮机低压模块为研究对象,对低压内缸及汽封体等部件在抽真空阶段的变形进行了分析和计算。为了理清抽真空阶段所受的重力、真空力、热影响等因素对低压端汽封间隙的影响,分步骤施加以上3种载荷进行有限元分析。结果表明:在重力作用下,低压内缸产生整体下沉两头上翘的变形;在真空力作用下,端汽封随汽缸进一步下沉,底部间隙变大;在投低压缸喷水情况下,高温轴封蒸汽对端汽封及低压内缸加热,端汽封随汽缸整体抬升,底部间隙减小;在真空力、热影响联合作用下,端汽封底部间隙减小0.061~0.105 mm;在投入喷水情况下,整个抽真空阶段对低压端汽封间隙的影响并不大。     

耦合燃煤机组的水泥窑余热利用系统热力学性能分析

提出了一种更高效的耦合燃煤机组的水泥窑余热回收利用系统,采用水泥窑炉排冷却器排出空气和旋风预热器废气的热量加热燃煤机组的部分凝结水,从而节省汽轮机抽汽,增加汽轮机做功,同时根据热力学第一和第二定律分析余热利用系统性能提升的原因。结果表明:耦合燃煤机组后水泥窑余热利用系统效率显著提升,机组发电量得到提高;与常规水泥窑余热利用系统相比,所提出余热利用系统可增加6.83 MW净发电功率;此外,余热利用系统的发电效率和净热效率提高了18.25百分点和8.17百分点;系统发电?效率和总?效率分别提升了39.37百分点和29.24百分点。经济分析表明,所提出余热利用系统省去了部分设备,投资成本低,回收周期短,净现值高,经济优势明显。     

辅助服务市场下含电锅炉热电厂多运行组合模式优化决策

为实现不同的全厂电、热负荷下供能设备运行组合模式的合理决策,提出一种含电锅炉的热电厂多运行组合模式优化决策方法。首先根据含电锅炉热电厂不同运行模式下的电热特性,建立热电厂各机组运行特性的仿真模型,得到相应的电、热出力特性。然后分别以供能成本和供能煤耗为目标函数,建立多运行组合模式优化决策模型,在考虑辅助服务市场补贴后,两者得到的机组灵活运行组合模式一致。最后,得到不同全厂电、热负荷下热电厂最优运行组合模式,在考虑尽量减少运行操作情况下,根据仿真结果给出热电厂多运行组合模式的决策规则,这一结果可为含电锅炉热电厂运行组合模式决策提供依据。     

聚光太阳能流化床重整制氢技术研究

氢能是清洁绿色的二次能源和载能体,利用太阳能热驱动甲醇蒸汽重整制取氢气,可实现太阳能的高效存储与氢气制备。基于流化床传热传质效率高的优点,设计聚光太阳能流化床甲醇重整制氢系统,模拟了镜场的光线路径和反应器表面的辐照能流分布,探究了不同操作参数对重整反应的影响规律。结果表明:相比固定床,使用流化床反应器更有利于提高甲醇蒸汽重整制氢效率;当辐照强度为10 000 W/m2,水与甲醇摩尔比1.4,进口流速0.40 m/s,床层厚度0.20 m时,甲醇转化率可达99.6%,氢气产率达2.57 mol/mol。该研究结果对太阳能甲醇重整制氢反应器设计和操作参数优化具有重要参考意义。     

Extended sliding mode observer based robust adaptive backstepping controller for electro-hydraulic servo system: Theory and experiment

This paper firstly presents an extended sliding mode observer (ESMO) for the electro-hydraulic servo systems (EHSSs) to deal with nonlinear factors like the external disturbance, parameter uncertainties as well as unmodeled characteristics in the EHSS. The model for the EHSS is established by taking these nonlinear factors into consideration and then the statespace representation is obtained. According to the state space, the ESMO for the EHSS is presented, the equivalence principle is properly utilized to simplify the ESMO and some saturation functions are employed to eliminate high frequency interferences caused by the chattering phenomenon. Based on estimated values from the ESMO, a robust adaptive backstepping controller (RABC) is presented in detail with taking some parameter uncertainties into consideration to further improve the tracking performance. The proposed controller has the following advantages: (1) utilizing the ESMO to cope with these nonlinear factors; (2) parameter online adaptive laws are employed in the RABC design to further improve the tracking performance. In order to verify the performance of the proposed controller, an experiment bench was established. Two sine waves reference signal (one amplitude 0.01 m, 1 Hz; the other 0.015 m, 2 Hz) are employed to verify the performance of the controller. Comparative experimental results show that: (1) the tracking performance of the proposed controller is better than that of a DOs based BC, a BC and a PI controller; (2) estimation values from the ESMO contains fewer noise than two conventional disturbance observers (DOs), which will decrease the control input ripples.     

皮秒激光烧蚀7075铝合金数值模拟与实验研究北大核心CSCD

为了解超快激光与材料相互作用的机理,优化激光金属烧蚀能力,以达到理想的烧蚀效果,本文在二维轴对称模型中引入了适用于超快激光烧蚀的双温模型,模拟了皮秒激光对于以7075铝合金为代表的低熔点合金的烧蚀行为。通过更改皮秒激光的功率密度和冲击次数,确定皮秒激光各参数对于7075铝合金的影响并与实验结果相对照。结果表明,激光烧蚀的深度小于通过双温模型计算出的金属熔化温度层,同时激光的烧蚀深度与激光密度线性相关,当烧蚀深度大于一定数值时,激光烧蚀深度几乎不随着烧蚀次数的增加而增大。     

High Rate,Long Lifespan LiV3O8 Nanorods as a Cathode Material for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

LiV₃O₈ nanorods with controlled size are successfully synthesized using a nonionic triblock surfactant Pluronic‐F127 as the structure directing agent. X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy techniques are used to characterize the samples. It is observed that the nanorods with a length of 4–8 µm and diameter of 0.5–1.0 µm distribute uniformly. The resultant LiV₃O₈ nanorods show much better performance as cathode materials in lithium‐ion batteries than normal LiV₃O₈ nanoparticles, which is associated with the their unique micro–nano‐like structure that can not only facilitate fast lithium ion transport, but also withstand erosion from electrolytes. The high discharge capacity (292.0 mAh g^?1 at 100 mA g^?1), high rate capability (138.4 mAh g^?1 at 6.4 A g^?1), and long lifespan (capacity retention of 80.5% after 500 cycles) suggest the potential use of LiV₃O₈ nanorods as alternative cathode materials for high‐power and long‐life lithium ion batteries. In particular, the synthetic strategy may open new routes toward the facile fabrication of nanostructured vanadium‐based compounds for energy storage applications.     

Effects of Ge<Superscript>4+</Superscript> acceptor dopant on sintering and electrical properties of (K<Subscript>0.5</Subscript>Na<Subscript>0.5</Subscript>)NbO<Subscript>3</Subscript> lead-free piezoceramics

Lead-free (K_0.5Na_0.5)(Nb_1-xGe _x )O₃ (KNN-xGe, where x = 0-0.01) piezoelectric ceramics were prepared by conventional ceramic processing. The effects of Ge⁴⁺ cation doping on the phase compositions, microstructure and electrical properties of KNN ceramics were studied. SEM images show that Ge⁴⁺ cation doping improved the sintering and promoted the grain growth of the KNN ceramics. Dielectric and ferroelectric measurements proved that Ge⁴⁺ cations substituted Nb⁵⁺ ions as acceptors, and the Curie temperature (T_C) shows an almost linear decrease with increasing the Ge⁴⁺ content. Combining this result with microstructure observations and electrical measurements, it is concluded that the optimal sintering temperature for KNN-xGe ceramics was 1020°C. Ge⁴⁺ doping less than 0.4 mol.%can improve the compositional homogeneity and piezoelectric properties of KNN ceramics. The KNN-xGe ceramics with x = 0.2% exhibited the best piezoelectric properties: piezoelectric constant d₃₃ = 120 pC/N, planar electromechanical coupling coefficient k_p = 34.7%, mechanical quality factor Q_m = 130, and tanδ = 3.6%.     

Mechanical Properties and Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of Glass‐Fiber‐Reinforced Epoxy Composites Embedded with Shape Memory Alloy Wires

The effects of the content and position of shape memory alloy (SMA) wires on the mechanical properties and interlaminar fracture toughness of glass‐fiber‐reinforced epoxy (GF/epoxy) composite laminates are investigated. For this purpose, varying numbers of SMA wires are embedded in GF/epoxy composite laminates in different stacking sequences. The specimens are prepared by vacuum‐assisted resin infusion (VARI) processing and are subjected to static tensile and three‐point‐bending tests. The results show that specimens with two SMA wires in the stacking sequence of [GF₂/SMA/GF₁/SMA/GF₂] and four SMA wires in the stacking sequence of [GF₄/SMA/GF₂/SMA/GF₄] exhibit optimal performance. The flexural strength of the optimal four‐SMA‐wire composite is lower than that of the pure GF/epoxy composite by 5.76% on average, and the flexural modulus is improved by 5.19%. Mode‐I and II interlaminar fracture toughness tests using the SMA/GF/epoxy composite laminates in the stacking sequence of [GF₄/SMA/GF₂/SMA/GF₄] are conducted to evaluate the mechanism responsible for decreasing the mechanical properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations reveal that the main damage modes are matrix delamination, interfacial debonding, and fiber pullout.

     

Corrosion kinetics and patina evolution of galvanized steel in a simulated coastal-industrial atmosphere

The corrosion kinetics and patina (corrosion products) layer evolution of galvanized steel submitted to wet/dry cyclic corrosion test in a simulated coastal-industrial atmosphere was investigated. The results show that zinc coating has a greater corrosion rate during the initial period and a lower corrosion rate during the subsequent period, and the patina composition and structure can greatly affect the corrosion kinetics evolution of zinc coating. Moreover, Zn₅(OH)₆(CO₃)₂ and Zn₄(OH)₆SO₄ are identified as the main stable composition and exhibit an increasing relative amount; while Zn₁₂(OH)₁₅Cl₃(SO₄)₃ cannot stably exist and diminish in the patina layer as the corrosion develops.