电液伺服阀动态特征信息在线提取方法的研究

电液伺服阀是电液伺服控制中的关键元件,其性能关系到整个伺服系统的控制精度和响应速度。当前,伺服阀的故障诊断仍以离线为主,缺乏在线诊断的有效手段。根据伺服阀的工作特性,提出一种反映伺服阀动态特征的状态信号选取方法;通过对伺服阀阀芯开口度进行时频联合分析,结合所选取的伺服阀特征参数,提取出反映伺服阀动态特征信息的特征向量;采用粗糙集理论对特征量进行约简以提高在线诊断效率。基于人工神经网络的伺服阀性能在线诊断的实验结果表明:所提取的特征向量能够准确反映伺服阀动态特征信息,有效判断伺服阀的异常状态,为电液伺服阀的在线故障诊断提供了参考。     

厚梁结构中的超声导波传播与损伤识别

基于导波的结构健康监测技术研究中,结构厚度与不同损伤形式对导波传播特性的影响是该技术在工程应用中对实际结构进行损伤识别的关键。通过导波在厚梁结构中传播时所表现出的特性,分析并试验研究损伤对导波传播的影响。通过在结构中引入切槽损伤,理论分析与试验研究导波在有损结构中的传播特性。以此为基础,重点研究疲劳裂纹损伤。试验得出导波在厚梁结构中的实际传播速度,并由此分析损伤反射波中的波包成分,研究并总结损伤大小对导波幅值、相位和到达时间的影响规律。分别对结构中的对称和非对称损伤进行研究,验证具有非对称损伤结构中模式转换波包的存在,分析模式转换波包的形成与传播机理,研究不同的非对称损伤对模式转换波包形式的影响。此外,还介绍了试验试件和疲劳裂纹的加工过程。总结了切槽损伤与疲劳裂纹损伤对导波传播的不同影响。     

基于VMD的故障特征信号提取方法

变模式分解(variational mode decomposition,简称VMD)能够将多分量信号一次性分解成多个单分量调幅调频信号(variational intrinsic mode function,简称VIMF),但对噪声比较敏感。利用VMD对噪声的敏感特性,提出了一种基于VMD的降噪方法。利用排列熵定量确定VMD分解后各分量的含噪程度,对高噪分量直接剔除,对低噪分量进行Savitzky-Golay平滑处理,然后重构信号。运用该方法降噪后,对重构信号进行变模式分解,能够有效提取故障特征信号。仿真和实例分析表明,基于VMD的降噪方法的降噪效果优于小波变换降噪方法,VMD能有效提取故障特征信号。     

汽车电磁式主动悬架技术综述

电磁式主动悬架兼具控制精确、系统响应快和节能高效等优点,对悬架运动的控制能力强,可以显著提升车辆的舒适性和操稳性。随着新能源汽车、电控系统以及悬架减振技术的发展,电磁式作动器在汽车悬架系统上的应用开始受到关注。文中对汽车电磁式主动悬架技术的研究和应用现状进行回顾和分析,并对其应用前景进行展望。     

黏弹性阻尼材料用于列车车内减振降噪的试验研究

随着车辆轻量化和乘坐舒适性要求的提高,车内噪声振动控制成为关注的问题。采用研制开发的三种阻尼材料,改性沥青、水性涂料和丁基橡胶阻尼材料,分别对车厢进行约束层和自由层阻尼处理。车厢振动噪声现场试验结果表明,改性沥青和水性涂料比丁基橡胶减振降噪效果好。阻尼材料在整个频率上降低车厢上下地板的振动;安装有阻尼材料的车厢乘坐舒适性得到提高。随着车速的增加,改性沥青和水性涂料的减振降噪效果更明显。车内声学舒适性评价表明,响度比A声级更准确说明丁基橡胶对车内噪声的影响。     

基于声全息的故障诊断方法

基于振动信号的故障诊断方法在某些场合下存在着局限性.机械噪声蕴含着丰富的设备状态信息,而且具有非接触式测量的优点,可以部分地替代振动信号,用于故障诊断.传统的噪声诊断方法主要基于频谱分析,无法反映声源位置和强度 /的变化信息,只能进行初步的故障诊断.基于此,提出一种基于声全息的故障诊断方法.该方法采用由少量传声器组成的阵列测量声压,应用波叠加法重构物体的外部声场,可以方便快速地进行声场可视化.一旦准确地重建出物体的外部声场,就可以利用这些全息场的信息进行故障诊断.通过建立基于全息图的正常状态与故障状态的模板,将机器的运行信息与这些模板对比,就可以判定机器的运行状态,从而进行故障诊断.采用由多个脉动球组成的声源模型进行了数值仿真,并在消声室内对两只音箱噪声源进行了试验研究,都准确地识别出辐射体声场状态变化,找出了故障.从而验证了该方法的正确性和实用性,为其在现场应用打下基础.     

基于视觉位感条纹的转轴裂纹缺陷检测

裂纹缺陷是转轴系统中常见的故障形式,裂纹的呼吸效应会改变转轴的动态特性,使转轴的径向振动信号中出现倍频分量。提出一种基于单目视觉位感条纹振动测量原理的转轴裂纹缺陷检测新方法,可实现转轴振动信号的高效测量和裂纹缺陷的快速检测。分析了含裂纹转轴系统的动力学方程,并系统描述了单目相机成像条件下采用位感条纹图案实现转轴径向二维振动测量的原理,建立了成像位感条纹动态编码参数与转轴径向振动位移之间的数学模型。通过与传统基于两路电涡流传感器测量系统的试验对比分析,验证了本方法测量结果的精确性。分析转轴系统在不同转速下径向振动中的频率分量,当转速接近1/2临界转速时,2倍频信号非常明显,且其幅值接近转频幅值,可实现对于转轴系统中裂纹缺陷的有效检测。     

Magnetic levitation using diamagnetism: Mechanism,applications and prospects

As a typical contact-free manipulation technique that removes friction and contamination risk, levitation has gradually become a preferred candidate for various applications. Magnetic levitation using diamagnetism, beyond Earnshaw's theorem, is a kind of passive stable levitation that can be achieved at normal temperatures with no energy input. Appealingly, most seemingly nonmagnetic materials can be levitated in a magnetic field and can stabilize free levitation of magnetic materials. This review focuses on the fundamental principles of magnetic levitation using diamagnetism, with emphasis on its burgeoning applications.The theoretical basis associated with the magnetic levitation using diamagnetism is discussed by elucidating the characteristics of diamagnetic materials, and the key levitation mechanisms are clarified. Afterwards, state-of-the-art applications in various aspects, including sensing and measurement, actuating and micromanipulation, energy harvesting and magnetic gravity compensation, are summarized and compared. Finally, the review concludes with a brief outlook on future perspectives.     

Use of regression models to link raw water characteristics to trihalomethane concentrations in drinking water

A study was conducted to examine the effect of raw water bromide on the formation and distribution of trihalomethanes (THMs) in finished drinking water. Twenty major water supplies in East Tennessee were selected for their significant levels of bromine-containing THMs, as demonstrated by previous studies. The cities were sampled quarterly for raw water pH, temperature, NVTOC, and bromide content, as well as finished water pH, NVTOC, and applied chlorine dose, coupled with conjunctive measurement for 7-day THMs.Few data for bromide levels in natural waters are currently available since most conventional colorimetric applications lack desired sensitivity, as does direct ion chromatography (IC). Although Fishman's kinetic permanganate method is adequate in the 10–100 μp 1⁻¹ range, it is time-consuming, and prone to certain interferences. An IC method using a sample preconcentration column has been evaluated. The method produced a 1 μg 1⁻¹ minimum detection level using deionized water based standards, with 3% relative precision completed at a standard concentration of 1000μg 1⁻¹. Bromide levels in the raw waters sampled were found to range from 10 to 225 μg 1⁻¹.Concurrent with the field sampling, laboratory chlorination experiments were conducted using Tennessee River water, under controlled laboratory conditions of bromide level, chlorine dose, pH, ionic strength, temperature, and organic precursor concentration. Resultant THM formations were monitored over a 96 h reaction period. The results concurred with observations made in previous work by such researchers as Bird and Rook.Nonlinear regression models for THM formation were generated using the laboratory chlorination data with respect to pH, temperature, chlorine dose, bromide, and NVTOC level. Actual values for these variables were substituted into the regression models, using the seasonal field data. Resultant predictive THM values were then compared with actual THM values for those data sampled. In general, these models were found to give acceptable fits. Overall 74.1% of the predicted values were within ± 15% of the measured values.