温度对橡胶隔振器刚度阻尼特性的影响

在不同温度( 20~80 ℃ )下对橡胶材料进行了单轴静态拉伸试验与动态频率扫描试验,分析了应力应变关系、储能模量及损耗模量随温度的变化规律,拟合获得了不同温度下表征橡胶力学性能的超弹性和粘弹性本构模型参数。对某倒 V 形橡胶隔振器进行了不同温度本构参数下的静态与动态仿真,结果表明,温度对橡胶隔振器力学性能有较大影响,研究结果可为橡胶隔振器的工程应用提供参考。     

磨削速度对碳化硅陶瓷磨削损伤影响机制研究

碳化硅陶瓷高速磨削过程中,磨粒对工件材料强力冲击,应变率剧增、复杂显微结构对应力波传送响应转变,材料力学行为发生变化,目前高速磨削对材料去除机制影响的物理本质认识还不清楚。为此,开展磨削速度对SiC陶瓷磨削裂纹损伤影响机制研究。通过单颗磨粒磨削SiC陶瓷试验,分析了磨削速度对SiC陶瓷磨削表面形貌、磨削亚表面裂纹损伤深度、磨削力和磨削比能的影响规律。试验结果表明,当SiC陶瓷材料以脆性方式去除时,磨削速度对裂纹损伤影响最为显著,随着磨削速度从20 m/s增加到160 m/s,磨削亚表面裂纹损伤深度从12.1μm快速降低到6μm。采用Voronoi法建立了金刚石磨削多晶SiC陶瓷有限元仿真模型,当磨粒切厚为0.3μm,磨削亚表面损伤以微裂纹为主;当磨粒切厚为1μm时,随着磨削速度增加,磨削亚表面裂纹损伤深度从14.7μm降低到4.6μm,磨削亚表面宏观沿晶裂纹逐渐变为微观裂纹。基于位错理论和冲击动力学理论,揭示了高速磨削过程中位错密度的增加和晶界反射应力波对应力场削弱作用是高速磨削SiC陶瓷裂纹损伤“趋肤效应”产生的机理。     

热处理对高速车轮组织和断裂韧性的影响

以ER8车轮钢为对象,采用预处理+终处理方法改善车轮组织状态,并分析了工艺参数对晶粒尺寸及分布的影响。结果表明:经过870℃×1.5 h预处理+840℃×1.5 h终处理,晶粒平均尺寸及分布均匀性明显改善,断裂韧性得到显著提高;在保温1.5 h的终处理中,900℃时异常晶粒快速长大,平均晶粒尺寸出现局部峰值;随着初始组织均匀性的提高,异常晶粒尺寸与正常晶粒尺寸相对差(RD)达到峰值的温度有提高趋势。     

Ti6Al4V钛合金薄板退火畸变数值模拟及试验验证

对Ti6Al4V钛合金薄板在退火过程中发生的热处理畸变进行计算机模拟和试验研究,采用MSC.marc软件建立三种有限元模型,分析对比三种模型畸变模拟结果及试验结果,研究薄板热处理畸变规律。结果表明,残余应力引起的蠕变和弹性应变是畸变的主要原因,热粘塑性模型（Model 3）能较为准确地预测Ti6Al4V钛合金薄板退火畸变,热弹塑性模型（Model 1）模拟结果与试验结果差别较大,蠕变是预测畸变准确性的关键因素。残余应力导致薄板上下两部分X、Y方向应变,迫使薄板发生弯曲畸变,内部残余应力是薄板在退火过程中发生畸变的根本原因。重力改变弹性应变方向,总应变增大,从而使得薄板畸变量增大。     

真空钎焊金刚石界面碳化物的形貌

采用Ni-Cr、Ag-Cu-Ti和Ti-Zr-Ni-Cu等钎料分别对单晶金刚石与基体进行真空钎焊。SEM、EDS和XRD等分析结果表明,在一定的钎焊温度、时间及真空度下,金刚石与所有钎料均形成化学冶金结合,在不同钎料界面形成的碳化物的种类、数量和形貌分布却显著不同;Ni-Cr合金钎料在界面处形成片状的Cr3C2和针状Cr7C3;Ag-Cu-Ti钎料则生成不连续分布块状TiC,Ti-Zr-Ni-Cu生成的是呈鹅卵石状连续分布的TiC。     

模糊神经网络在UV-LIGA工艺优化中的应用

将模糊神经网络理论和算法应用于负性光刻胶(SU-8)加工高分辨率和高深宽比微结构的工艺研究,在正交试验的基础上对网络进行训练,建立了光刻图形质量与前烘时间、前烘温度、曝光量、后烘时间之间的预测模型。该模型采用五层前向模糊神经网络,学习算法为梯度下降法。进行了实验,实验结果表明,前烘温度与前烘时间对光刻质量影响最大。对120~340 μm厚的光刻胶,前烘温度取95℃,前烘时间100 min时,图形的相对线宽差最小;超声搅拌能缩短显影时间,显著改善图形质量,试验结果与计算结果十分吻合。将模糊神经网络应用于UV－LIGA工艺中,能实现光刻加工微结构的工艺参数优化。     

等离子喷涂纳米Al_2O_3-13%TiO_2陶瓷涂层的组织结构与抗冲蚀性能

采用等离子喷涂方法分别制备了常规和纳米Al2O3-13%TiO2陶瓷涂层,用扫描电子显微镜分析了涂层的显微结构,并对涂层进行了抗冲蚀试验。结果表明:常规陶瓷涂层具有典型的片层状结构,但纳米陶瓷涂层片层状结构并不十分明显,且涂层裂纹数量明显减少;纳米陶瓷涂层中的显微结构的变化改善了涂层的韧性和结合性能;在冲蚀过程中,常规陶瓷涂层表面剥落严重,而纳米陶瓷涂层的冲蚀质量损失较小,抗冲蚀性能比常规陶瓷涂层提高了30%左右。     

多窗口实时测距的视觉导引AGV精确定位技术研究

为了提高视觉导引自动导引车(automated guided vehicle,AGV)的定位精度,提出了一种多窗口实时测距的精确定位方法。该方法通过在定位点铺设圆形标识作为定位标识符,首先根据车载视觉系统结构,建立视觉实时测距模型。通过对获得的椭圆图像的几何特征进行提取,并采用基于曲率角估计方法对椭圆边缘精确识别;然后,基于最小二乘拟合直线获取椭圆中心位置。最后,结合采用多窗口图像处理方法,将定位过程分为多个阶段进行,逐步逼近,最终实现精确定位。实验结果表明,该方法能使得视觉导引AGV的定位精度达到2 mm。     

Evaluation of machinability and economic performance in cryogenic-assisted hard turning of α-β titanium: a step towards sustainable manufacturing

Abstract

Titanium, a difficult-to-cut material, consumes higher time and cost in removing material by machining to produce parts. Machining of Ti alloys has got serious attention owing to its reactive nature with tool materials at elevated temperature that aggravates tool wear. Reportedly, effective and efficient cooling and lubrication at the tool–work interface can ameliorate the machinability of Ti-alloys. In this perspective, this article interrogates the underlying mechanism of critical responses such as surface roughness, temperature, tool life and machining cost under dry, minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) and cryogenic liquid nitrogen (LN2) modes. The effect of cutting speeds and feed rates on such responses have been considered as a function of cooling strategy to standardize the cooling technique as the best alternative for machining. Cryogenic cooling seems to be preponderant regarding machining cost, temperature, surface roughness and tool life in hard turning of a–b titanium alloy. The feasibility of cryogenic cooling was investigated using the iso-response technique in comparison with dry and MQL-assisted hard turning. Experimental results revealed longer tool life and lower machining cost under cryogenic condition followed by MQL and dry machining. Moreover, cryogenic LN2 has been identified as an appropriate alternative to reduce the temperature and surface roughness. On contrary, dry turning evoked a high-temperature and rapid tool wear. In a nutshell, cryogenic assisted hard turning has acceded as a sustainable strategy from an environmental and economic perspective.     

Germanium coated vertically-aligned multiwall carbon nanotubes as lithium-ion battery anodes

The performance of polycrystalline and amorphous germanium (Ge) as anode active materials for lithium-ion batteries was studied systematically. Polycrystalline Ge on vertically-aligned multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) arrays (MWCNT/c-Ge) and amorphous Ge on the arrays (MWCNT/a-Ge) were fabricated using a low pressure chemical vapor deposition system and a radio frequency sputtering system, respectively. The vertically-aligned MWCNT arrays were used as a platform to minimize pulverization problem. The MWCNT/a-Ge had a specific capacity of 1096.1 mA hg⁻¹ at the rate of 162.4 mA g⁻¹ at the 100th cycle. In comparison, the MWCNT/c-Ge only showed a specific capacity of 730.2 mA hg⁻¹ at the rate of 162.4 mA g⁻¹ at the 100th cycle. The MWCNT/a-Ge sample showed better performances as the MWCNT/a-Ge skipped the electrochemically-driven solid-state amorphization of crystalline Ge during the first lithiation.