Electrochemical corrosion and electrochemical migration of 64Sn-35Bi-1Ag solder doping with xGe on printed circuit boards

Ge-doped effects on electrochemical corrosion (ECC) and electrochemical migration (ECM) behaviors of 64Sn-35Bi-1Ag (SBA) solder on printed circuit boards (PCBs) in 3 wt% NaCl solutions were discussed. ECC was conducted by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance (EIS) tests. Dendrites growth is a result of electrochemical migration (ECM) process, which is another factor affecting soldering reliability for electronic packagings, it was carried out as a designed schematic diagram coupled with a direct current power supply. Microstructures of products were investigated by SEM coupled with EDAX, XRD techniques. ECC results showed that anti-corrosive capacity increased as an increase of Ge addition in SBA solder which was expressed as the percent corrosion prevention (IE%), there was a maximal IE% value (83.74) when Ge addition was 0.5 wt%, this obtainment was consistent to EIS results. The probable reason was that Ge had a “skin collection” effect, that was, it highly enriched and segregated at edge of SBA solder, which protected Sn in SBA solder from being corroded. Microstructure of corrosive products was distinctly different for SBA solder with and without Ge addition. ECM results showed that the dendritic grown rate of pure SBA solder was slower than those of its candidates with Ge dopings. Dendrites of SBA solder with 0.5 wt% Ge addition grew to about 100–150 nm in length and 20–50 nm in width after ECM test for 8 h, they were nanorods arranged trimly into arborization. While dendrites was shorter under the same condition for pure SBA solder without Ge doping. The dendritic growth mechanism was tentatively discussed. It showed the loaded electronic field intensity during ECM process played an important role for dendritic formation owing to its controlling the dendritical crystal anisotropic growth rate. Medium concentrations had an another key effect, which affected by controlling the ion diffusion from anode to cathode. From the point of microelectronic packagings, Ge addition was advantage to improve anti-corrosion capacity of SBA solder, but it also reduced soldering reliability if ECM process took place in surrounding of wet and thermal weather.     

Adaptive encoding of zoomable video streams based on user access pattern

Zoomable video allows users to selectively zoom and pan into regions of interest within the video for viewing at higher resolutions. Such interaction requires dynamic cropping of RoIs on the source video. We have previously explored two different ways of encoding and transmitting video to support dynamic RoI cropping: (i) Monolithic streaming uses a standard video encoder to encode the video. When an RoI is requested, the bits belonging to the RoI along with other bits required to decode the RoIs (due to encoding dependencies) are transmitted. (ii) Tile streaming divides regions in the standard video into rectangular tiles that are encoded independently. The tiles that intersect with a requested RoI are transmitted. In this paper, we consider how the bandwidth needed to transmit the RoIs can be reduced by carefully encoding the source video for each of the two encoding schemes. The goal is to support bandwidth efficient compressed domain RoI cropping in the context of virtual zoom and pan by tuning encoder parameters. Our key idea is to exploit user access patterns to the RoIs, and encode different regions of the video with different encoding parameters based on the popularity of the region. We show that our encoding method can reduce the expected bandwidth by up to 43% in the test video sequence which we have used.     

A rate-control algorithm using inter-layer information for H.264/SVC for low-delay applications

This paper proposes a novel frame-level rate-control scheme for H.264/SVC for low-delay applications. The trend of the Mean Absolute Difference (MAD) (after motion compensation) of the reference layer is used as the inter-layer information for Inter-layer MAD prediction, which is combined with Intra-layer MAD prediction to predict the MAD of the enhancement layers (EL) more accurately. By considering the influence from both the texture and nontexture information, the varying picture complexity and feedback information from the actual encoding results are combined to achieve an accurate bit-allocation. A coarse-to-fine initial quantization parameter (QP) selection method is proposed to refine the initial QP of the EL according to the channel condition and the video sequence characteristics. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can obtain high and smooth PSNR, and the output bit-rate is close to the target bit-rate. Also, the proposed scheme can avoid serious buffer fullness fluctuation and reduce skipped frames in the video coding.     

时变最优的增强型比例导引及其脱靶量解析解

以time-to-go 为基础建立时变的目标罚函数,根据最优控制理论,推导了对常值机动目标时变最优的增强型比例导引律;对权函数指数的分析结果表明,增强型比例导引有效导航比与权函数的指数一一对应。对增强型比例导引有效导航比的工程取值范围给出了合理的理论解释。将制导动力学简化为一阶滞后,并将导引头初始瞄准误差、目标常值机动引入到制导系统中,根据伴随法的数学思想,研究了增强型比例导引制导系统在初始瞄准误差、目标常值机动作用下的脱靶量解析解,最后通过伴随系统的数学仿真对解析解的正确性进行了验证。     

A stick-slip piezoelectric actuator with an integrated sensing unit for the measurement and active control of the contact force

Output characteristics of the stick-slip piezoelectric actuators are intrinsically affected by the contact force between the driving foot and the mover. Therefore, it would be quite meaningful to measure and control the contact force. In this study, by integrating a group of strain gauges into the driving compliant mechanism, a stick-slip piezoelectric actuator with measured contact force was proposed. The main structural parameters of the driving compliant mechanism were designed and analyzed. Through experiments, the sensing unit was calibrated, and the results showed that it had good linearity, and the noise level was 3.5 mN. The contact force was measured by the sensing unit, and accordingly, the relationship between the contact force and the stepping characteristic was explored. It was shown that the change in contact force would lead to the evolution in stepping characteristic, which finally resulted in the motion nonlinearity of the actuator in large stroke output. Accordingly, by actively controlling the contact force, a method was proposed to tune the stepping characteristic. The comparative results demonstrated that this method could significantly improve the motion linearity of the actuator in large stroke output under various preloads and even very rough surface.     

On color transforms and bit allocation for optimal subband image compression

Although subband transform coding is a useful approach to image compression and communication, the performance of this method has not been analyzed so far for color images, especially when the selection of color components is considered. Obviously, the RGB components are not suitable for such a compression method due to their high inter-color correlation. On the other hand, the common selection of YUV or YIQ is rather arbitrary and in most cases not optimal. In this work we introduce a rate–distortion model for color image compression and employ it to find the optimal color components and optimal bit allocation (optimal rates) for the compression. We show that the DCT (discrete cosine transform) can be used to transform the RGB components into an efficient set of color components suitable for subband coding. The optimal rates can be also used to design adaptive quantization tables in the coding stage with results superior to fixed quantization tables. Based on the presented results, our conclusion is that the new approach can improve presently available methods for color image compression and communication.     

Rational design of perylenediimide-based polymer acceptor for efficient all-polymer solar cells

Perylenediimide (PDI)-based small molecules have significantly contributed to the development of non-fullerene acceptors, whereas the development of PDI-based polymer acceptors is relatively lagging behind. In this study, we designed and synthesized two PDI-based n-type polymers named as PF-PDI and PBDT-PDI, in which PDI was used as electron-deficient unit and fluorene (F) or benzodithiophene (BDT) were used as electronrich components. The density functional theory (DFT) calculations and grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) results indicate that the PF-PDI shows larger steric hindrance and relatively weaker lamellar packing than that of PBDT-PDI. Comparing with PBDT-PDI, PF-PDI shows red-shift absorption and lower-lying HOMO level, which agrees well with the DFT results. A well-known wide bandgap polymer donor, PDBT-T1 was employed to fabricate polymer solar cells (PSCs) with the two acceptors. The all polymer solar cells (all-PSCs) based on PDBT-T1:PF-PDI showed a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 4.47%, which is approximately 2-fold larger than that of devices with PDBT-T1:PBDT-PDI (PCE = 2.70%).     

结合幅度信息的扩展目标随机有限集跟踪方法

基于随机有限集的扩展目标跟踪方法通常根据量测的空间信息进行量测划分,在杂波密集环境下有可能将杂波量测划入目标单元,从而造成跟踪性能的下降。为此,该文将目标和杂波的幅度信息引入高斯逆威沙特概率假设密度(GIW-PHD)滤波器,通过计算量测子集的幅度似然寻找最优的量测划分方法。此外,计算量测单元的中心时,采用幅度加权的方法计算量测单元的质量中心,以取代目前广泛使用的几何中心,从而进一步降低杂波对滤波器的干扰。在信杂比分别为13 dB和6 dB的条件下,通过对Rayleigh杂波中Swerling 1型起伏目标的跟踪结果证明了所提方法相比高斯逆威沙特概率假设密度滤波器具有更优的势估计和状态估计性能。      

Background foreground boundary aware efficient motion search for surveillance videos

The huge amount of data in surveillance video coding demands high compression rates with lower computational requirements for efficient storage and archival. The motion estimation is a very time-consuming process in the traditional video coding framework, and hence reducing computational complexity is a pressing task, especially for surveillance videos. The presence of significant background proportion in surveillance videos makes its special case for coding. The existing surveillance video coding methods propose separate search mechanisms for background and foreground regions. However, they still suffer from misclassification and inefficient search strategies since it does not consider the inherent motion characteristics of the foreground regions. In this paper, a background-foreground-boundary aware block matching algorithm is proposed to exploit special characteristics of the surveillance videos. A novel three-step framework is proposed for boundary aware block matching process. For this, firstly, the blocks are categorized into three classes, namely, background, foreground, and boundary blocks. Secondly, the motion search is performed by employing different search strategies for each class. The zero-motion vector-based search is employed for background blocks. Whereas, to exploit fast and directional motion characteristics of the boundary and foreground blocks, the eight rotating uni-wing diamond search patterns are proposed. Thirdly, the speed-up is achieved through the novel region-based sub-sampled structure. The experimental results demonstrate that two to four times speed-up over existing methods can be achieved through this scheme while maintaining better matching accuracy.     

计算和存储空间受限下的数据稀疏核分析方法

针对核主成分分析算法广泛面临的训练样本数量大而带来的计算和存储空间的问题,提出了基于1类支持向量理论的稀疏核主成分分析算法,该方法适合于计算和存储空间受限下的应用场合,如小型硬件平台下的图像检索系统、医学辅助诊断系统等.通过求解最优方程找到能够代表原始样本空间的少量典型样本,这些样本作为计算核数据矩阵,大大节省了核矩阵计算的时间和存储空间成本,在有限的训练样本集上最大限度在硬件平台下图像处理领域有效提高识别率和计算效率.