固溶处理的热连轧GH4169合金的组织与蠕变特征

通过对热连轧GH4169合金进行固溶和时效处理、组织形貌观察和蠕变性能测试,研究了固溶和时效处理合金的组织结构和蠕变特征。结果表明,经固溶和时效处理合金由较大尺寸晶粒组成,并具有明显的孪晶特征,且细小γ′、γ″相在晶内弥散析出,可提高合金的蠕变抗力;在实验应力和温度范围内,测得该合金的蠕变激活能为537.8kJ/mol,且对施加应力和温度具有敏感性;在蠕变期间,热连轧GH4169合金的变形特征是位错的单双取向滑移和孪晶变形,随着蠕变进行,裂纹沿晶界萌生和扩展到发生沿晶断裂是该合金的蠕变断裂机制。     

Electrodes modified with Ni electrodeposition decrease hexavalent chromium generation in an alkaline electrolysis process

Alkaline water electrolysis is one of the easiest methods used to produce hydrogen, offering the advantages of simplicity and low cost. The challenges for the widespread use of water electrolysis are to reduce energy consumption, cost and maintenance and to increase the reliability, durability and safety of the process. The alkaline electrolysis of water has been used for many years to obtain H₂ and O₂; however, less expensive, more active, endurable and efficient electrodes must be designed. Stainless steel (SS) is considered one of the least expensive electrode materials for alkaline electrolysers, since it is relatively chemically stable and has a low overpotential. Nevertheless, SS anodes do not withstand high concentration alkaline solutions because they undergo a corrosion process. If the electrolyser operates at a voltage of up to 1.6 V, it can generate Fe₃O₄ and hazardous hexavalent chromium (Cr⁶⁺) at the anode. Hexavalent chromium is generated when the chromium-containing stainless steel electrodes undergo an electro-oxidation process. In this work, a low power alkaline electrolyser was designed. In the first step, six electrodes were manufactured of stainless steel. In the second step, a nickel layer with matte or opaque finish was deposited on the SS surfaces to improve their resistance to corrosion and wear. Then, the performance curves and the production of hexavalent chromium were determined. The performance curve after 70 h of operation with nickel-plated electrodes showed an overpotential of 0.5 V at 10 A compared with stainless steel electrodes. Cr⁶⁺ was detected in the electrolyte and bubbler water of the system using SS electrodes at values that exceeded the standard (>0.5–1 mg L⁻¹). If the electrolyser used Ni-electrodeposited electrodes, Cr⁶⁺ was observed in quantities within the normal range (<0.1 mg L⁻¹). It is very important to prepare modified anodes with nickel electro-deposited, this process prevents the generation of hexavalent chromium, contamination of the electrolyte and reduces maintenance times. The above compensates the slight increase in electrodes cost and energy consumed by the electrolyser.     

The application of equal channel angular pressing to join dissimilar metals,aluminium alloy and steel,using an Ag–Cu–Sn interlayer

Joining cylindrical and bar-shaped components manufactured from dissimilar materials is frequently required in various industrial applications. The current study focuses on developing equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) as a severe plastic deformation process for solid state joining of tubular aluminium alloy 6061 components and SAE 1018 steel rods. The influence of using a 0.1 mm thick 60Ag–30Cu–10Sn interlayer in addition to annealing at 220, 320, 420 and 520 °C for 60 min is investigated as well. Finite element analysis (FEA) is performed in order to evaluate the deformation behaviour of the workpieces during the ECAP joining process. XRD and EDX analyses as well as nanoindentation and shear tests are carried out to evaluate the joints' characteristics. The FEA outcomes show remarkable accumulation of equivalent plastic strain with relatively low strain inhomogeneity. Moreover, the experimental results indicate that with increasing annealing temperature, joint strength exhibits improvement as well. It is also revealed that the application of an interlayer at any specific annealing temperature leads to achieving higher shear strength values. According to the results, shear strength of up to 32 MPa is feasible by having an interlayer and with subsequent annealing at 520 °C.     

Weak magnetic flux leakage: A possible method for studying pipeline defects located either inside or outside the structures

Magnetic leakage distribution results from linear defects of oil–gas pipelines in a weak magnetic field, which is modeled by the magnetic dipole theory. The analysis is useful for the identification of defects located either inside or outside the pipelines. The results indicate that the radial signals of inside–outside defects can be clearly distinguished, and the axial signals are basically the same in a weak magnetic field. The theoretical and the experimental results are very consistent.     

Fabrication of tungsten-based metallic glasses by low purity industrial raw materials

Quaternary W₃₀Fe₃₈B_32−xC_x (x = 5, 7, 10, 13, 15 at.%) alloys have been investigated by melt-spinning method to produce metallic glasses using low purity industrial raw materials. The phase structure of these ribbons is investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The thermal stabilities of W₃₀Fe₃₈B_32−xC_x (x = 5, 7, 10, 13, 15 at.%) alloys are analyzed by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). It is found that W₃₀Fe₃₈B₂₂C₁₀ metallic glass with 45 μm in thickness and 2 mm width can be successfully fabricated. And other alloys with the same thickness and width as W₃₀Fe₃₈B₂₂C₁₀ alloy are observed with some crystalline peaks on the halo patterns. The DSC measurements show that each alloy undergoes a two-step crystallization with the onset temperature of the first crystallization being as high as 984-1067 K. Vickers hardness and density values of W₃₀Fe₃₈B_32−xC_x (x = 7, 10, 13, 15 at.%) alloys at room temperature are 11.9-12.8 GPa and 14.5 g/cm³ at least, respectively. The effect of C addition on GFA in the W-Fe-B alloy system is discussed.     

The effects of Co and Ti additions on microstructures and compressive strength of Udimet710

The effects of Co and Ti additions on the microstructures and compressive strength of the Ni-based superalloy Udiemt710 (U710) were investigated. The preliminary results showed that the Ni₃Ti-type (η) phase was observed in the alloys with low Co and Ti content; while a (Ni_xCo_1?x)₃Ti phase with a hexagonal structure was detected in the alloys with high Co and Ti content. The γ′ → η → (Ni_xCo_1?x)₃Ti phase transformation was discussed in terms of Co and Ti contents. The γ′ morphology changed from spherical to cuboidal with increasing Co and Ti content. Compressive tests showed that the alloys with Co and Ti addition possessed higher yield strength than the base alloy, U710. The strength increase could be ascribed to solid–solution strengthening of the γ and γ′ phases as a result of the Co and Ti additions, and the higher volume fraction of γ′ in the new alloys.     

Improving the mechanical properties of graphene oxide based materials by covalent attachment of polymer chains

We report on the modification of graphene oxide (GO) with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) leading to the mechanical improvement of GO based materials. First, GO was covalently functionalised with PVA by esterification of carboxylic groups on GO with hydroxyl groups of PVA resulting in functionalised f-(PVA)GO. This was carried out for PVA of six different molecular weights. This functionalised graphene oxide could be formed into a paper-like material by vacuum filtration. Papers prepared from f-(PVA)GO showed significant increases in mechanical properties compared to those prepared with GO or with simple mixtures of GO and PVA. The best performance was achieved for PVA functional groups with molecular weights between 50 and 150 kg/mol. Improvements in Young’s moduli of 60% and tensile strength of 400% were observed relative to GO-only paper. The improved mechanical properties are attributed to enhanced inter-flake stress transfer due to the covalently bonded PVA. Second, functionalised f-(PVA)GO was used as filler in PVA-based composites. The application of a pre-selection method allowed the use of only the largest functionalised f-(PVA)GO flakes. This resulted in substantially reinforced PVA–f-(PVA)GO composites. Both modulus and strength increased by 40% relative to the pure polymer for f-(PVA)GO loadings below 0.3 vol.%.     

Design and realization of interface strengthening to GNPs/YSZ nanocomposite coating

Interfacial strengthening of ceramic coatings on metal surfaces is a goal that has been pursued by researchers in this field, but remains unsolved. In this work, the interface strengthening between ceramic coating and metal substrate was designed and successfully realized. GNPs were modified with silica-sol at the molecular scale to disperse in YSZ uniformly and the GNPs/YSZ nanocomposite coatings with high bonding strength were produced due to in-situ generation of interfacial carbides. Results show that the bonding strength of 9 wt% GNPs/YSZ nanocomposite coating increased by up to ∼54% compared to nanostructured YSZ coating without NiCrAlY bond-coat, and even 17% higher than that of nanostructured conventional type YSZ coating with NiCrAlY bond-coat. This technique could be applied to reinforce the interface between various materials, showing great application potential.     

原位自生TiC颗粒对铁基耐磨堆焊金属的影响

为了研究原位自生TiC颗粒对堆焊层组织与性能的影响,采用药芯焊丝明弧堆焊方法在Q235钢表面制备了Fe-Cr-Ti-C堆焊合金.利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、洛氏硬度计和湿砂磨损试验机对堆焊合金进行了分析.结果表明,加入的Ti元素可在堆焊层中原位生成TiC硬质相颗粒,并促进M7C3硬质相的生成,从而起到细化晶粒的作用.当生成的TiC和M7C3硬质相数量较多且弥散分布于金属基体中时,这些硬质相可起到相应的抗磨骨架作用,从而提高了堆焊金属的耐磨性.当药芯焊丝中Ti元素的质量分数为7%时,堆焊层性能最佳,其硬度值为61.6HRC,磨损量为0.3904g.     

钇元素对6.5 % Si无取向硅钢组织、高温拉伸及断裂机制的影响

通过微观组织表征、高温拉伸和断口形貌分析,研究了钇（Y）元素对 6.5 % Si无取向硅钢组织、高温拉伸及断裂机制的影响。研究结果表明,添加Y元素可以在钢液中形成YS和YP的复合析出。YS和YP可以充当异质形核基底,提高形核率,细化凝固组织。热轧组织不均匀,由表层至芯部分别形成等轴晶、等轴晶/拉长晶和拉长晶的混合组织。退火后,热轧变形组织转变为等轴晶,含Y实验钢的退火组织得到明显细化。500 ℃时效处理后,含Y实验钢具备较低的有序度,300 ℃的拉伸断口呈现韧性断裂特征,断后伸长率达到20.2 %。相反,无Y实验钢发生脆性断裂,断后伸长率仅为2.1 %。研究结果证实,Y元素可以通过组织细化和降低有序度提高6.5 % Si无取向硅钢的中温塑性。