Liquid metal embrittlement mechanism

Liquid metal embrittlement was studied in the following two aspects. First the first principle and ChenNanxian three-dimensional lattice reverse method were employed to obtain the effective potentials for Al-Ga and GaGa. Then with the molecular dynamics simulation, the influence of liquid metal adsorption on dislocation emission was studied. The simulated result shows that after Ga atoms are adsorbed on the crack plane in Al crystal, the critical stress intensity factor decreases, which changes from 0.5 MPam~(1/2) (without adsorption) to 0.4 MPam~(1/2) (with adsorption). The reason for the reduction in the critical intensity stress factor is that Ga adsorption reduces the surface energy of the crack plane. Moreover, 7075 Al alloy adsorbing liquid metal (Hg 3atm％Ga) was in-situ studied in TEM by using a special constant deflection device. The experimental result showed that liquid metal adsorption could facilitate emission, multiplication and motion of dislocations. When this process reached a critical     

Deformation twinning in nanocrystalline materials

Nanocrystalline (nc) materials can be defined as solids with grain sizes in the range of 1-100 nm. Contrary to coarse-grained metals, which become more difficult to twin with decreasing grain size, nanocrystalline face-centered-cubic (fcc) metals become easier to twin with decreasing grain size, reaching a maximum twinning probability, and then become more difficult to twin when the grain size decreases further, i.e. exhibiting an inverse grain-size effect on twinning. Molecular dynamics simulations and experimental observations have revealed that the mechanisms of deformation twinning in nanocrystalline metals are different from those in their coarse-grained counterparts. Consequently, there are several types of deformation twins that are observed in nanocrystalline materials, but not in coarse-grained metals. It has also been reported that deformation twinning can be utilized to enhance the strength and ductility of nanocrystalline materials. This paper reviews all aspects of deformation twinning in nanocrystalline metals, including deformation twins observed by molecular dynamics simulations and experiments, twinning mechanisms, factors affecting the twinning, analytical models on the nucleation and growth of deformation twins, interactions between twins and dislocations, and the effects of twins on mechanical and other properties. It is the authors’ intention for this review paper to serve not only as a valuable reference for researchers in the field of nanocrystalline metals and alloys, but also as a textbook for the education of graduate students.     

测绘相机的温度适应性

分析了温度对三线阵测绘相机传递函数和交会角的影响,通过热光学计算确定了测绘相机的热控指标.首先,在设定测绘相机热载荷状态的基础上,用有限元方法分析了温度场及热弹性变形;利用Zernike多项式进行波面拟合,代入光学软件考察温度对光学系统传递函数的影响,得到测绘相机光学传递函数在假定温度场作用下的下降系数.然后,进行了测绘基座的热尺寸稳定性分析.并在此基础上考察了温度对测绘相机交会角的影响.实验显示,上述分析避免了热控设计的过设计或设计不足,为制定合理的热控设计指标提供了数据依据.     

Improved photovoltaic characteristics of organic cells with heterointerface layer as a hole-extraction layer inserted between ITO anode and donor layer

We have fabricated an improved organic photovoltaic (OPV) cell in which organic heterointerface layer is inserted between indium-tin-oxide (ITO) anode and copper-phthalocyanine (CuPc) donor layer in the conventional OPV cell of ITO/CuPc/fullerene (C₆₀)/bathophenanthroline (Bphen)/Al to enhance the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and fill factor (FF). The inserted ITO-buffer layer consists of electron-transporting layer (ETL) and hole-transporting layer (HTL). We have changed the ETL and HTL materials variously and also changed their layer thickness variously. It is confirmed that ETL materials with higher LUMO level than the work function of ITO give low PCE and FF. All the double layer buffers give higher PCE than a single layer buffer of TAPC. The highest PCE of 1.67% and FF of 0.57% are obtained from an ITO buffer consisted of 3 nm thick ETL of hexadecafkluoro-copper-phthalocyanine (F₁₆CuPc) and 3 nm thick HTL of 1,1-bis-(4-methyl-phenyl)-aminophenylcyclohexane (TAPC). This PCE is 1.64 times higher than PCE of the cell without ITO buffer and 2.98 times higher than PCE of the cell with single layer ITO buffer of TAPC. PCE is found to increase with increasing energy difference (ΔE) between the HOMO level of HTL and LUMO level of F₁₆CuPc in a range of ΔE < 0.6 eV. From the ΔE dependence of PCE, it is suggested that electrons moved from ITO to the LUMO level of the electron-transporting F₁₆CuPc are recombined, at the F₁₆CuPc/HTL-interface, with holes transported from CuPc to the HOMO level of HTL in the double layer ITO buffer ETL, leading to efficient extraction of holes photo-generated in CuPc donor layer.     

应力波峰值变化与岩体结构关系的试验研究

选择了3种有代表性的岩体结构进行冲击试验, 分析研究了波形最大峰值变化与岩体结构的关系。试验结果表明: 震动峰值随空间衰减、震动峰值延时及其离散性变化均能有效反映岩体结构特点和受扰动程度, 也能反映岩体的各向异性。     

Formation of single and multiple deformation twins in nanocrystalline fcc metals

Deformation twins are often observed to meet each other to form multi-fold twins in nanostructured face-centered cubic (fcc) metals. Here we propose two types of mechanism for the nucleation and growth of four different single and multiple twins. These mechanisms provide continuous generation of twinning partials for the growth of the twins after nucleation. A relatively high stress or high strain rate is needed to activate these mechanisms, making them more prevalent in nanocrystalline materials than in their coarse-grained counterparts. Experimental observations that support the proposed mechanisms are presented.     

图像处理技术在板料激光弯曲中的应用

为了提高激光弯曲过程数值模拟结果的验证精度,用图像处理技术对铝合金板料AA6056进行了激光弯曲变形过程的实时测量.自行设计了硬件测量系统和软件的测试系统,使用MV21300UM CCD拍摄板料上测量点在激光照射过程中的动态变化过程,通过软件测试系统中实时采集软件记录动态变化过程、图像处理软件进行图像处理,得到了测量点动态变化的实测曲线.实测曲线表明,板料厚度对激光弯曲过程的位移变化影响较大,板料越薄,边界效应越明显,使得位移的变化曲线越易出现突变.实验结果证明该实测方案是可靠有效的.     

机动车检测系统中总线设备网络化改造的实现

实现了一种机动车检测系统中总线设备网络化改造的可行方案。利用SST89E564RD单片机与网卡芯片设计的主要接口模块,既为检测设备网络化提供了网关服务,也实现了在线仿真和下载的功能。     

Analysis of Laser Surface Hardened Layers of Automobile Engine Cylinder Liner

 The effects of rare earth (RE) on the microstructures and properties of high carbon high speed steel (HCHSS) were investigated. The results show that when suitable RE is added to the HCHSS, the effect of RE on the austenite and eutectic carbides is obvious. The austenite grain and coarse eutectic structure are refined, and flake carbides in the eutectic structures become short and fine. After heat treatment, most of the eutectic carbides are spheroidized and distributed in a uniform manner. The hardness and red hardness of modified HCHSS are slightly increased; impact toughness is greatly increased by 3781% and reaches 1017 J/cm2. The mechanism by which RE improves the structures and properties of HCHSS is also analyzed.     

基体界面屈服强度和残余应力失配对界面裂纹扩展的影响

对基体界面屈服强度和残余应力失配情况下的界面裂纹扩展机制进行了力学理论分析,并通过位错与裂纹的关系理论计算了界面裂纹尖端塑性区尺寸。结果表明:当界面裂纹由低强度区向高强度区扩展时,高强度区的残余压应力和屈服强度减少了裂纹尖端的塑性区长度和裂纹尖端张开位移,从而起到了抑制界面裂纹扩展的作用。